Woodland and Caddo Period Sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir, Northwest Louisiana and East Texas

Toledo Bend Reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the United States and the largest reservoir in the South. The lake is approximately 65 miles long and contains over 1200 miles of shoreline in both Louisiana and Texas. Construction began in 1964 with completion of the power plant, with the subsequent filling of the lake in 1969. Archaeological investigations at Toledo Bend Reservoir on the Sabine River and tributaries in both Louisiana and Texas took place primarily took during the 1960s, with survey and excavations, sometimes of a very limited nature by the University of Texas (UT) and Southern Methodist University (SMU). Girard has continued archaeological investigations along the Louisiana side of the reservoir, however, focusing particularly on work at the James Pace site. In this article we review the nature of the material culture assemblage of the Woodland and Caddo sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir based on the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL). This consists of ceramic and/or lithic artifacts from 76 different sites in Louisiana and Texas. We have also examined ceramic vessels from Woodland and Caddo burial features at several Toledo Bend Reservoir sites. Our purpose in re-examining the TARL collections from the Toledo Bend Reservoir is to better understand and characterize the material culture assemblages (primarily decorated ceramic sherds) from sites that date between ca. 2500 years B.P. and the late 17thearly 18th century A.D., particularly in light of questions concerning the cultural affiliation and cultural taxonomic relationships of the ancestral Caddo sites in this part of East Texas and western Louisiana.


INTRODUCTION AND SETTING
voir in the South. The lake is approximately 65 miles long and contains over 1200 miles of shoreline in both Louisiana and Texas (Figure 1). Construction began in 1964 with completion of the power plant, with the subse uent lling of the lake in 1969. rchaeological investigations at Toledo end eservoir on the Sabine River and tributaries in both Louisiana and Texas took place primarily took during the 1960s, with survey and excavations, sometimes of a very limited nature (Scurlock and Davis 1962;Scurlock 1964;McClurkan et al. 1966;Jensen 1968aJensen , 1968bWoodall 1969;Benham et al. 1973) by the University of Texas (UT) and Southern Methodist University (SMU). Girard (1992, 1994, 2007a, 2014) has continued archaeological investigations along the Louisiana side of the reservoir, however, focusing particularly on work at the James Pace site (16DS10/268).
In this article we review the nature of the material culture assemblage of the Woodland and Caddo sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir based on the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL). This consists of ceramic and/or lithic artifacts from 76 different sites in Louisiana and Texas. We have also examined ceramic vessels from Woodland and Caddo burial features at several Toledo Bend Reservoir sites. Our purpose in re-examining the TARL collections from the Toledo Bend Reservoir is to better understand and characterize the material culture assemblages (primarily decorated ceramic sherds) from sites that date between ca. 2500 years B.P. and the late 17th-early 18th century A.D., particularly in light of questions concerning the cultural af liation and cultural taxonomic relationships of the ancestral Caddo sites in this part of East Texas and western Louisiana (cf. Kelley 2006;Kelley et al. 2010).

Louisiana Sites
The TARL collections from Louisiana sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir include 28 sites and one area in Sabine Parish (Table 1). About 21 percent of the sites have Woodland period components (ca. 2500-1150 years B.P.) with either Goose Creek Plain, ar uns ec e sandy paste sherds or early style arrow points (i.e., Friley type, see Anderson and Smith 2003:293 and Figure 5.13cc-gg). More than 96 percent of the Louisiana sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir have grog or bone-tempered Caddo ceramic vessel sherds and/or Caddo style arrow points (i.e., Alba and Perdiz types).

AP=arrow point
Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 56 (2015) 21 The more extensively examined Louisiana sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir are discussed in more detail in the next section. Of the less well known archaeological sites on the Louisiana side of Toledo Bend Reservoir there are two that have Woodland period components. These are: 16DS11 (1 Friley arrow point of tan chert); and 16VN3 (1 brown chert Friley arrow point and 1 Goose Creek Plain, ar uns ec e rim sherd).
It is possible that a post-A.D. 1500 Caddo component is present at the following poorly known Toledo Bend Reservoir site: 16SA23 (8 grog-tempered sherds, including Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher).

Haddens Bend Site (16DS4)
The Haddens Bend site was rst located and investigated by Scurlock and Davis (1962:40). The site is on a bluff overlooking the Sabine River, and the bluff cut showed between 60-120 cm of tan sands overlying a clay subsoil. Scurlock (1964:17-20) reported on the test excavations at the site, and archaeological deposits were identi ed over a ca. 140 m area of the bluff, with the deposits reaching ca. 110 cm bs; no midden deposits were identi ed in the work. SMU s work at the Haddens Bend site included the excavation of ve backhoe trenches and a series of 2 x 2 m excavation units ( Figure 3; see Jensen 1968b: Figure 2). These excavations encountered sandy archaeological deposits about 1 m in thickness (Jensen 1968b:5 and Figure 3).
The ceramic assemblage from the site includes sandy paste Goose Creek Plain and decorated sherds (9.8 percent of the sherd sample), a grog-tempered ware (74 percent), a bone-tempered ware (15.5 percent), and a shell-tempered ware (0.5 percent; both sherds are plain) ( Table 2). The decorated sherds are concentrated in what are primarily grog-and bone-tempered Caddo vessel sherds, but there are also two grog-tempered Marksville Incised sherds in the Haddens Bend ceramics. The sandy paste ceramics from the site include plain rim, body, and base sherds (n=34), two body sherds or spindle whorls with drilled holes (6-13 mm in diameter), and three decorated sherds. The rst is a rim sherd with lip notching; lip notched sandy paste sherds appear to be most abundant in pre-A.D. 300 contexts at sites in East Texas (cf. Perttula 2008:433). The other two decorated sherds are from Goose Creek Incised, var. uns ec e or var. Neches sherds (cf. Aten and Bollich 2011:157) with broad U-shaped curvilinear, rectilinear, and horizontal incised elements (Figure 4a-b); the decorations are certainly reminiscent of those seen on grog-tempered Marksville Incised vessels in the Lower Mississippi Valley (cf. Brown 1998:16), especially Marksville Incised, var. un o er which was made from ca. 100 B.C. to A.D. 100. The lip notched and incised sandy paste sherds from the Haddens Bend site suggest the site was occupied contemporaneously with the early Marksville period (ca. 100 B.C.-A.D. 100).
There are also grog-tempered Marksville Incised, var. uns ec e and Marksville Stamped, var. unspece body sherds in the assemblage (Figure 5a-b). The stamped sherd has one broad curvilinear incised line and a zone of dentate stamping. The incised sherd has broad U-shaped opposed lines.   The decorated sherds from the Caddo occupation(s) at the Haddens Bend site are dominated by sherds from vessels decorated with brushing marks (Table 3). More than 67 percent of the decorated rim and body sherds have brushing marks; 9 percent are brushed-appliqued sherds from Pease Brushed-Incised vessels (Figure 6a-b), and 4.5 percent have brushed-punctated decorative elements. This proportion of brushed sherds in the utility wares suggests that the principal Caddo occupation took place in the Late Caddo period, perhaps between ca. A.D. 1400-1500 (given the absence of Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher sherds, cf. Girard 2007b). The decorated sherds from 16DS9 are primarily from utility ware vessels, comprising 88 percent of the assemblage (n=43 decorated sherds). These are from vessels with incised (n=26), incised-punctated (n=7), and punctated (n=5) decorative elements ( Table 5). The few ne ware sherds are from engraved or redslipped vessels. The various decorated sherds from 16DS9, including Crockett Curvilinear Incised, Davis Incised, and Hickory Engraved sherds (see below), suggest that the Caddo occupation of the site took place between ca. A.D. 900-1200.  The incised rim sherds in the 16DS9 assemblage are from Davis Incised and Dunkin Incised vessels with either horizontal or diagonal incised decorative elements (see Table 5). Two of the incised-punctated body sherds are from Crockett Curvilinear Incised vessels that have curvilinear incised panels lled with tool punctations (Figure 7a).
The ne ware sherds are from vessels with either engraved or red-slipped decorative elements (see Table  5). One rim has widely spaced horizontal engraved lines, and is from a Hickory Engraved vessel (see Figure  7b). The other engraved rim has hatched and open triangle elements, with the hatched triangle pendant from a horizontal line below the lip (Figure 7c). The body sherd has a cross-hatched zone, possibly an upper ll zone for a slanting scroll motif. The two red-slipped sherds are from grog-tempered bowls or carinated bowls. Scurlock and Davis (1962:42-43) located the James Pace site in a grass-covered eld ( The Old Pace Field"), an alluvial terrace in the Sabine River valley. They noted four probable mounds and an adjacent village archaeological deposit over a ca. 90 x 50 m area. The largest of the mounds was ca. 15.2 m in diameter and 1.5 m in height.

James Pace Site (16DS10)
UT test excavations focused on identifying habitation areas around the mounds (Scurlock 1964:22). They succeeded in nding deposits less than 30 cm in thickness in a shallow sandy zone; no midden deposits were found in the work. SMU returned to the James Pace site during the [1966][1967] season and concentrated excavations in habitation areas between two of the mounds (Jensen 1968b: Figure 6; see also Girard 2014: Figure 2). The excavations consisted of ve lengthy backhoe trenches and 16 2 x 2 or 1 x 4 m units ( Figure 8).
The archaeological deposits were about 30-40 cm in thickness, described as a sandy silt, and the deposits were midden stained in some areas (Jensen 1968b:31). One exed burial (Burial 1) with no associated funerary offerings was encountered in Backhoe Trench 2 at a depth of 30 cm bs; a single plain grog-tempered body sherd in the ll of Burial 1 suggests that it is a Caddo burial feature. A clay hearth was identi ed at 40 cm bs in one of the hand-excavated units between Backhoe Trenches 1 and 2 (see Figure 8). A total of 14 wall-sized (15-25 cm in diameter) postholes were recognized between 9-24 cm bs (Jensen 1968b: Table 9), but they formed no obvious structural patterns (see Figure 8).
A limited and pre-A.D. 800 Woodland period use of the James Pace site is represented by two Goose Creek Plain, var. unspec e body sherds. The remainder of the ceramic assemblage (n=2841 sherds) is associated with a ca. A.D. 800-1050 Caddo occupation (e.g., Girard 2014:75), and the sherds in this assemblage are from vessels tempered with grog or bone (Table 6). About 86 percent of the sherds are from grog-tempered vessels, and the highest percentage of grog tempering occurs in the ne wares (90.4 percent); the highest proportion of bone-tempered sherds is in the plain ware (16.5 percent). One grog-tempered plain rim has a 7 mm drilled suspension hole.   The plain to decorated sherd ratio for the assemblage is a high 7.16. The 348 decorated sherds from the James Pace site are primarily from utility wares (85 percent); ne wares only represent 15 percent of the decorated sherds in the assemblage. By way of comparison, in the ceramic assemblage documented by Girard (2014: Table 2) from excavations in Mounds A and B at the site, the plain to decorated sherd ratio is 6.81. Sherds from utility ware vessels represented 89 percent of the 37 decorated sherds in this small sample from the site.
In the analyzed sample of decorated sherds from the James Pace site, sherds from vessels with incised decorative elements comprise 73 percent of the assemblage (Table 7) as well as 74 percent of all the rim sherds. Sherds with incised-punctated decorative elements only represent 8.2 percent of the assemblage (and 8.6 percent of the rim sherds), followed by other utility wares with lesser proportions: tool punctated (1.8 percent; 4.3 percent of the rim sherds); pinched (0.6 percent; 1.4 percent of the rims); and lip notched (0.3 percent; 1.4 percent of the rim sherds). Sherds from ne ware vessels comprise 15.5 percent of all the decorated sherds and 10 percent of the rim sherds.   The sherds from incised vessels at the James Pace site can be readily divided between those that have overhanging lines (n=109, 45 percent of the incised sherd sample) and those that do not have overhanging lines (n=134, 55 percent) (see Table 7). Almost 48 percent of the rim and body sherds have multiple horizontal incised lines, particularly those with overhanging lines, and are most likely from several varieties of Coles Creek Incised, including var. Blakely, var. Greenhouse, var. Hardy, and var. Mott (cf. Girard 2014:70).
Two Coles Creek Incised rim sherds in the assemblage have a single incised lip line, likely from var. Campbellsville vessels. Seven other rims have only one or two incised lip lines; the rims themselves are plain (see Table 7). One unique plain rim has a row of small tool punctates on the lip.
Other incised sherds in the James Pace site ceramic assemblage have diagonal and horizontal-diagonal elements (Figure 9b  Two distinctive rim and lower rim sherds have band punctated decorative elements (Figure 10a-b). These have horizontal incised lines with impressed triangular punctations between the incised lines. This decorative element is noted in ceramic assemblages at Early Caddo sites in East Texas (Newell and Krieger 1949:Figure 38m-n;Bruseth and Perttula 2006:Figure 26d;Perttula 2011:Figure 35b) and Northwest Louisiana (see Webb 1963:Figure 9r-s, u). Figure 10. Selected decorative elements on incised-punctated rim and body sherds: a-b, band punctated; c-d, Beldeau Incised, var. Beldeau; e-f, Coles Creek Incised, var. Coles Creek; g, Mazique Incised, var. unspeci ed; h, rim sherd. Twenty incised-punctated sherds, mainly with overhanging incised lines, are from Coles Creek Incised, var. Coles Creek vessels. These sherds have horizontal incised lines above a row of large impressed triangles (see Figure 10e-f). Three other incised-punctated sherds have cross-hatched and diamond-shaped incised elements with triangular-shaped tool punctations placed at the center of each of the diamonds (see Figure  10c-d). These sherds are from Beldeau Incised, var. Beldeau vessels (see Brown 1998:13). One lower rim sherd from a Mazique Incised, var. unspeci ed vessel has cross-hatched incised lines above a row of tool punctates at the rim-body juncture (see Figure 10g). A unique decorative element on a vessel rim sherd has horizontal and diamond-shaped incised lines that bound a circular incised zone lled with small tool punctates (see Figure 10h).
Other utility wares in the assemblage include a lip notched vessel, two Hollyknowe Ridge Pinched rim and body sherds (see Phillips 1970:88-90), and six tool punctated rim and body sherds. These have horizontal and diagonal rows of tool punctations (see Figure 9e), as well as randomly oriented punctations (see Table 7). These tool punctated sherds may be from Evansville Punctated, var. Rhinehart vessels (see Brown 1998:29).
The majority of the engraved rims from the James Pace site ceramic assemblage have horizontal lines (see Table 7) and are likely from Hickory Engraved vessels (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 36). The other two rims are from different Holly Fine Engraved vessels (Figure 11b-c). One distinctive body sherd has opposed curvilinear engraved lines (Figure 11a), and may also be from a Holly Fine Engraved vessel.
The 14 arrow points recovered from the James Pace site during the SMU investigations include one red chert Homan point and 13 Alba points. About 93 percent of the arrow points are made on local gravels (see Girard 2014:73), including: red chert (n=6), brown chert (n=4), quartzite (n=2), and petri ed wood (n=1). One of the Alba points was manufactured from Manning Fused Glass, a rare East Texas lithic raw material source (see Brown 1976).

16SA17
This site, about 1 acre in size when found, was described by Scurlock and Davis (1962:45) as being on a sandy ridge at a spring called Robert Springs. SMU carried out excavations at the site during the 1967-1968 season. Benham et al. (1973:37) describe the site as occurring on an alluvial terrace (160 ft. amsl) about 1.2 km east of the channel of the Sabine River.
The excavations at the site consisted of 33 1 x 10 m shovel-scraped trenches, three backhoe trenches, and several shovel-scraped units (Benham et al. 1973: Figure 6). The archaeological deposits at 16SA17 were about 40 cm in thickness, and there was a gray midden zone with charcoal and ash between ca. 18-27 cm bs. Features identi ed in the work included ve burials and two cremations (in artifact cluster 3), several pits, and two areas with post holes from structures (artifact clusters 1 and 4) Figure 11. Selected decorative elements on engraved sherds from the James Pace site: a, opposed curvilinear lines; b-c, Holly Fine Engraved rim sherds.
The burials had single exed individuals (see Benham et al. 1973: Figure 8a-c) of adult age, none of which had associated funerary offerings; similar exed burial features were excavated at the Salt Lick site (16SA37a, see McClurkan et al. 1966). The cremations were marked by "charred and burned skeletal material and white ash" (Benham et al. 1973:42). These burial features also had no associated funerary offerings.
Excavations in the habitation deposits at 16SA17 recovered 6,322 plain or decorated sherds (Table 8). About 87 percent of the sherds are from grog-tempered vessels, and sherds from bone-tempered vessels account for the remaining 13 percent of the assemblage; the highest proportion of bone-tempered sherds occurs in the ne wares (19.7 percent).   Plain  29  6  35  Utility  2465  358  2823  Fine  65  16  81  Totals  2559  380  2939 Note: this does not include the 3383 plain body and base sherds that were not subject to temper analysis More than 97 percent of the decorated sherds (n=2,904) are from utility wares (see Table 8); ne ware sherds are scarce (2.8 percent) in the assemblage. The plain to decorated sherd ratio is 1.18.
A wide variety of decorative methods and elements are represented in the sherds from utility ware vessels at 16SA17 (Table 9). The most common decorations in the assemblage are incised lines of different elements; sherds from incised vessels comprise 59 percent of the utility ware sherds and 57 percent of all the utility ware rim sherds. Other common decorative methods include punctated (13 percent of the utility ware sherds and 6.6 percent of the utility ware rim sherds), brushed (11.4 percent of the utility ware sherds and 9.6 percent of the utility ware rims), and incised-punctated (10.8 percent of the utility ware sherds but 22.5 percent of the utility ware rim sherds).    The range of decorative methods and elements in the 16SA17 decorated sherd assemblage suggest that the site has multiple Caddo components, one primarily dating before ca. A.D. 1200. Both the moderate amount of brushed sherds and the low frequency of Belcher Ridged sherds suggest that the site was then occupied for an unknown length of time between ca. A.D. 1300-1500. A few sherds (most notably a Keno Trailed bowl sherd) hint at limited use of the site in the 17th century as well.
Sherds with appliqued decorative elements comprise 1 percent of the utility wares from the site (see Table 9). These sherds have either straight, parallel, or curvilinear appliqued ridges or llets (Figure 13a) that likely would have divided the vessel body into panels. Other appliqued sherds (n=44, 1.6 percent of the utility ware sherd assemblage) from Pease Brushed-Incised vessels occur in conjunction with either opposed incised lines (Figure 14b) or a zone of ngernail punctates adjacent to the appliqued elements.
The many brushed sherds in the 16SA17 assemblage have horizontal brushing marks on the rim of utility ware jars, and likely also had vertical brushing marks on the vessel body (see Table 9); the orientation of the parallel brushed sherds is not known, although it is suspected that they are predominantly from vertical brushed portions of vessels. Brushed-appliqued body sherds (see Figure 14a) are likely also from the body  of Pease Brushed-Incised vessels where the body is divided into panels by vertical appliqued elements; the panels were then lled with brushing marks. The brushed-punctated rim sherds have horizontal brushing marks with a row of punctations at the edge or under the vessel lip (see Table 9). One distinctive lower rimbody sherd has a Weches Fingernail Impressed style ngernail punctated row on the rim of a vessel, and vertical brushing marks on the vessel body (see Figure 13b).
The rim and body sherds from incised vessels at the site are dominated by simple geometric decorative elements, including cross-hatched, diagonal, diagonal opposed, horizontal lines, horizontal and diagonal, and vertical (see Figure 13a and Table 9). These are likely from Davis Incised, Dunkin Incised, and Kiam Incised vessels. A number of body sherds from Pease Brushed-Incised vessels in the assemblage have vertical incised lines and diagonal opposed lines (see Figure 13e) on the vessel body. Less than 0.5 percent of the incised sherds from 16SA17 have curvilinear decorative elements. Two body sherds have nested incised triangles (see Figure 13d).
There are two incised rim sherds in the assemblage that have lip notching (see Table 9). Lip notching is a rare decorative treatment in Caddo sherd assemblages from as early as ca. A.D. 900, and continued to be used for decorative purposes as late as the early 18th century. By post-A.D. 1400 times, ceramic assemblages with lip notched vessels occur more regularly in the upper Neches, middle Red River, middle Sabine, and the Angelina River basin (see Perttula 2015a: Figure 9).
A small number of body sherds with incised-punctated decorative elements are from Pease Brushed-Incised vessels. These have panels on the vessel body of diagonal opposed incised lines divided by vertical rows of punctates (see Figure 14c). About 2 percent of the incised-punctated sherds are from L'Eau Noire Incised, var. unspeci ed vessels (see Figure 14d-e). These have diagonal incised lines that begin in a row of triangular or circular punctates. One of the L'Eau Noire Incised sherds from the site also has a curvilinear zone of circular punctations.
There are a variety of decorative elements in the incised-punctated sherds in the 16SA17 ceramic assemblage (see Table 9). The most common decorative elements in the rim sherds have one or more rows of incised triangles lled with punctations ( Figure 15e-h) or sets of horizontal incised lines above one or more rows of circular, ngernail, or tool punctations ( Figure 15j). These decorative elements represent more than 74 percent of the incised-punctated rims in the collection. A few rim sherds have diagonal incised bands/ panels lled with punctations ( Figure 15d), horizontal and diagonal incised lines above a row of tool punctations, or diagonal incised lines with a row of punctations on either side of the diagonal lines ( Figure 15i).
There are also rims with curvilinear incised zones lled with punctations (see Figure 15a-c); perhaps these are from Pineland Punctated-Incised vessels. The Pineland Punctated-Incised type was de ned by Jelks (1965:119-122 and Figure 61a-g) from a series of sites at Lake Sam Rayburn in the Neches-Angelina river basins in East Texas. Pineland Punctated-Incised is a grog and/or bone-tempered utility ware, and occurs primarily as beaker-shaped jars as well as ollas and deep bowls. The vessels have concentric, triangular, rectangular, and curvilinear incised zones on the rim lled with tool punctations. Ollas and bowls have design elements on the vessel bodies (see Jelks 1965: Figure 61d, g). Only 6 percent of the incised-punctated rim sherds have curvilinear or circular incised decorative elements lled with punctations.
Several incised-punctated body sherds from 16SA17 may be from pre-A.D. 1200 utility ware vessels. These include sherds from Weches Fingernail Impressed, var. Weches vessels (Figure 16a Other main decorative elements in the incised-punctated body sherds from the site have incised panels lled with punctations; parallel and straight incised lines adjacent to one or more rows of punctations; and  incised triangles lled with punctations (see Figure 16d). Only a few incised-punctated sherds (3 percent of the incised-punctated sherds) have curvilinear incised zones lled with punctations (see Figure 16e).
The punctated sherds in the 16SA17 utility ware assemblage predominantly have ngernail punctated elements (74 percent of the punctated sherds, see Table 9), followed by tool punctated elements (25 percent) and circular punctated elements (1 percent). These punctations tend to occur in horizontal or vertical rows, with only a few sherds with zones or panels lled with punctations.
Less than 1 percent of the utility ware sherds from the site are from Belcher Ridged vessels (see Table  9). These do include both var. Belcher (parallel or vertical ridges only) and var. Byram Ferry (parallel ridges with parallel brushing marks between the ridges) vessel sherds. The occurrence of these varieties of Belcher Ridged at the site indicates that it was occupied beginning after ca. A.D. 1400, and then that occupation continued into the 16th century (if not later, given certain ne ware sherds found at 16SA17).
The ne ware sherds from 16SA17 are from vessels with engraved (n=78, 96 percent of the ne ware sherds in the assemblage), red-slipped (n=2, 2.5 percent), and trailed (n=1, 1.2 percent) ( Table 10). The ne ware rim sherds (n=23) represent 7.8 percent of all the decorated rim sherds from the site, indicating the overall predominance of utility ware vessels at the site.  Almost half of the engraved rims have horizontal line elements, either as the sole element or in association with curvilinear, diagonal, diagonal opposed, or vertical lines, as well as hatched and cross-hatched zones and panels (Figure 17a-c, h; see Table 10). Other rim sherds have diagonal or diagonal opposed lines or simply cross-hatched zones with different orientations (Figure 17i). One rim has a Ripley Engraved circle and diamond motif (Figure 17g), as seen on Ripley Engraved, var. McKinney vessels.
Body sherds from engraved vessels have for the most part the same range of decorative elements as the rims, including horizontal and vertical hatched zones, sets of horizontal, curvilinear, or vertical lines, and cross-hatched zones (see Figure 17d-f). One carinated bowl sherd has a row of cross-hatched triangle elements (see Figure 17j), and several others have ticked lines in association with cross-hatched zones (see Figure 17k-l) or hooked arm curvilinear lines (see Figure 17m); these latter sherds may be from Glassell Engraved carinated bowls.
The few red-slipped sherds are from grog-tempered vessels. The one rim sherd with a trailed decorative element is from a Keno Trailed bowl tempered with bone.
In addition to the many ceramic vessel sherds, there are three ceramic pipe sherds from the excavations at 16SA17. Two are grog-tempered pipe bowls from long-stemmed Red River pipes; the pipe bowls have direct rims and rounded or at lips, and the bowls are 5.2-6.2 mm in thickness. The third pipe sherd is the stem to a grog-tempered platform pipe. The stem is 32.0 mm in ori ce diameter, and the stem opening is 9.0 cm in diameter; the stem is 7.3 mm thick. Arrow points, arrow point preforms, and fragments are abundant at the site (Table 12); arrow point preforms comprise 48 percent of the recovered arrow points. Except for one fragment of gray novaculite, the other arrow points are made from local earth-toned cherts. Brown and red cherts were the preferred raw materials for arrow point manufacture: these two materials account for 41 percent and 38 percent, respectively, of the arrow points from 16SA17.

16SA20
Archaeological collections from 16SA20 were obtained during archaeological investigations by both Scurlock and Davis (1962) and Scurlock (1964). The survey work by UT in 1962 located the site on a ca. 90 x 45 m long and wide sandy ridge (Scurlock and Davis 1962:46). The UT 1962UT -1963 test excavations consisted of "a few test pits" (Scurlock 1964:23), and the site had been much damaged by pothunters and the rooting of hogs. The test pits indicated that the archaeological deposits consisted of a "rather shallow, tan sand overlying a sterile red clay." Only a small sample of Caddo ceramic sherds were recovered in the survey and test excavations at 16SA20 (Table 13). The sherds are primarily from grog-tempered vessels (86 percent). The low plain to decorated sherd ratio (1.12) and the high proportion of sherds with brushing decorative elements among all the decorated sherds (53 percent) suggests that 16SA20 was occupied after ca. A.D. 1400, during the Late Caddo period. The brushed sherds have horizontal brushing marks on the rim and parallel (i.e., vertical in orientation) brushing on the body. One possible Pease Brushed-Incised sherd has parallel appliqued llets with parallel brushing between the llets. Another utility ware sherd has parallel brushing marks with overlying curvilinear incised lines cut through the brushing. The incised body sherds from the site have parallel (n=3), straight (n=1) and diagonal opposed (n=1) decorative elements. The one incised-punctated body sherd has a diagonal incised panel lled with a row of small circular punctations ( Figure 18). Outside the incised panel are a series of horizontal incised lines.
The ne ware sherds comprise 11.8 percent of the decorated sherds from the site (see Table 13). One has opposed engraved lines, while the other has a straight engraved line with small open pendant triangles.

Horatio Kunaz Site (16SA27)
The Horatio Kunaz site was located by Scurlock and Davis (1962:49) on a sandy ridge on the south side of La Nana Bayou, and was estimated to be about 1 acre in extent. It appeared to have deep archaeological deposits with possible preserved areas of midden. UT excavations in 1963 identi ed deposits between ca. 45-76 cm in thickness with midden-stained sandy sediments (Scurlock 1964:24).
SMU conducted excavations at the site during the 1966-1967 season at Toledo Bend Reservoir (Jensen 1968b). The work consisted of the excavation of eight backhoe trenches and four 1 x 4 m "strati-tests." The archaeological deposits were different between the northern and southern parts of the landform. In the northern area the deposits were sands that were 25-45 cm in thickness overlying a orange-red clay subsoil (Jensen 1968b:61-62). By contrast, the archaeological deposits in the southern part of the Horatio Kunaz had deep sand A-and E-horizons that ranged from 55-165 cm in depth, with a buried midden deposit (black sand) that varied from 15 cm thick to "almost a meter in depth" (Jensen 1968b:62). According to Jensen (1968b:63), "no pro les or site maps were made [by SMU] because of time limitations." The ceramic sherd assemblage from the Horatio Kunaz site is dominated by sherds from grog-tempered vessels; more than 87 percent of the sherds in the assemblage are from grog-tempered vessels (Table 14). Sherds from bone-tempered vessels represent approximately 12.6 percent of the site's ceramic assemblage. The highest proportion of sherds from bone-tempered vessels is in the ne wares (24.1 percent), almost double the proportion of the assemblage as a whole.  One of the plain sherds may be from a vessel appendage (i.e., part of a tab tail or lip node), perhaps from an ef gy vessel. The decorated sherd assemblage from the site is primarily comprised of sherds from utility ware vessels (92.7 percent); 93.3 percent of the rim sherds are also from utility ware vessels. About 53 percent of the utility ware sherds (and 57 percent of the utility ware rim sherds) are from vessels with incised decorative elements (Table 15). Another 18 percent of the decorated sherds (and 30.4 percent of the utility ware rim sherds) are from vessels with incised-punctated decorative elements, and sherds with brushing marks comprise 15.3 percent of the utility ware sherds (including 7 percent of the utility ware rim sherds); an additional 2.9 percent of the utility ware sherds have brushed marks in combination with either appliqued or incised decorative elements (Table 15). The remainder of the decorated sherds from utility ware vessels are either punctated (4.6 percent); appliqued-incised (3.2 percent); ridged (0.9 percent); ridgedbrushed (0.6 percent); appliqued (0.6 percent); and pinched (0.3 percent).  Incised-Punctated circular incised zones lled with circular punctates -2 2 circular incised zone lled with tool punctates -1 1 diagonal panels lled with tool punctates 1 -1 diagonal lines and diagonal panels lled with circular 1 -1 punctates diagonal lines above horizontal row of tool punctates -4 4 diagonal lines and vertical rows of tool punctates -1 1 diagonal incised triangles lled with circular punctates -2 2 diagonal incised triangles lled with tool punctates -2 2 diagonal opposed lines and triangular zone lled with -1 1 tool punctates on the rim; diagonal incised panels on body lled with tool punctates horizontal panels lled with circular punctates 2 3 5 horizontal panel with diagonal hatched lines above zone -1 1 with tool punctated rows horizontal lines above tool punctated rows 1 -1 horizontal and diagonal lines and triangular zone 5 -5 lled with circular punctates horizontal and diagonal lines and triangular zone 5 -5 lled with tool punctates horizontal, diagonal, and vertical lines and triangular -2 2 zone with tool punctates The range of types and decorative elements represented in the Horatio Kunaz ceramic assemblage suggests that it was occupied by Caddo peoples at several different times both before and after ca. A.D. 1200, and as late as after ca. A.D. 1600. The prevalence of sherds from vessels with incised and incised-punctated decorative elements suggests that the principal occupation at the site took place before ca. A.D. 1350.
The few appliqued sherds have parallel or straight appliqued llet or appliqued ridge elements (see Table 15). These elements would likely have divided the vessel body into quadrants, and in these cases the area between the appliqued llets/ridges were left plain rather than decorated with brushing marks or incised elements. The appliqued-incised (Figure 19g-h) and brushed-appliqued sherds (together comprising 17 body sherds, 4.9 percent of the utility ware sherds) from the Horatio Kunaz site are from several Pease Brushed-Incised jars (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 60), as are several incised body sherds (see below).
Rim sherds with brushed marks have horizontal, diagonal, and vertical brushing decorative elements (see Table 15). Almost all of the body sherds with brushing marks have parallel brushing, suggesting that some utility ware jars likely had vertical brushing on their bodies. The few brushed-incised body sherds have parallel brushed marks and adjacent parallel incised lines (see Table 15), while one rim has horizontal brushing below a zone of short vertical incised lines below the vessel lip (see Figure 19j). The many sherds from vessels decorated with incised elements feature rims with horizontal lines, horizontal and diagonal lines, and diagonal lines (see Figure 19b, d), as well as rims with diagonal opposed lines (see Figure 19a, c). Most of these rims are from Dunkin Incised, Davis Incised, or Kiam Incised vessels. Distinctive incised rim and body sherds with vertical incised panels lled with diagonal opposed lines (see Figure 19e-f) are from an early variety of Pease Brushed-Incised (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 60k). Body sherds are dominated by geometric incised elements, including diagonal, diagonal opposed, vertical, and cross-hatched lines (see Table 15).
The sherds from incised-punctated vessels are a stylistically diverse lot. Many of the rims have horizontal and diagonal incised lines that form triangular zones lled with either circular or tool punctates ( Figure  20c; see also Table 15). Others have incised panels (diagonal or horizontal) lled with punctates of various kinds (Figure 20b, d-f). One rim has vertical incised lines divided by a row of tool punctations (Figure 20a).  Table 15). These sherds have horizontal and curvilinear panels and diagonal opposed incised lines, and each of the sherds from this type at the Horatio Kunaz site have at least one incised line that begins in a triangular tool punctation. Brown (1998:57) indicates that this utility ware was made in the Lower Mississippi River valley between ca. A.D. 1200-1350. Figure 19. Selected decorative elements on appliqued-incised, brushed-incised, incised, and punctated utility ware sherds from the Horatio Kunaz site: a-d, incised rim sherds; e-f, Pease Brushed-Incised body sherds; g-h, incised-appliqued body sherds; i, ngernail punctated rim; j, brushed-incised rim sherd.  The one pinched sherd in the assemblage may be from a Killough Pinched jar. The punctated sherds have circular, ngernail (see Figure 19i), and tool punctated rows (see Table 15) on the rim and/or the body of utility ware jars or carinated bowls (25 percent of the punctated sherds), perhaps mainly Kiam Incised or Weches Fingernail Impressed types. The use of tools (i.e., wooden dowels) for ceramic vessel decorative purposes is prevalent at the site.
Only 1.4 percent of the utility ware sherds from the Horatio Kunaz site have ridged decorative elements (see Table 15). They are from Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher and Belcher Ridged, var. Byram Ferry vessels (see Girard 2007b), and are generally indicative of settlement of the site after ca. A.D. 1400, although the use of the site appears to have been relatively limited after that time as compared to before ca. A.D. 1400.
The 29 ne ware sherds are from vessels with engraved (89.7 percent), engraved-incised (3.4 percent), and trailed (6.9 percent) vessels (Table 16). The few engraved rim sherds have either horizontal lines, horizontal and closely-spaced curvilinear lines, or a distinctive carinated bowl with a circular cross-hatched zone with a small central cross-hatched circle next to a large cross-hatched engraved bracket (Figure 23a).  Body sherds from engraved vessels have cross-hatched zones, diagonal hatched zones (see Figure 23d), probably from a Glassell Engraved vessel, and curvilinear lines (see Table 16). One Late Caddo period body sherd has a straight line with linear tick marks (see Figure 23c), a distinctive decorative element, as is a carinated bowl body sherd from another Late Caddo period vessel with a continuous scroll motif with nested excised triangles (see Figure 23b).
The one engraved-incised rim from the Horatio Kunaz site has vertical engraved panels with a set of diagonal engraved lines as well as a row of short diagonal incised lines under the exterior attened vessel lip (see Figure 23f-f'). The other ne ware sherds from the site have broad curvilinear trailed lines (see Figure  23e) and are from Keno Trailed bowls.
In addition to the ceramic vessel sherds, there are ve ceramic pipe sherds in the artifact assemblage from the site. One sherd (6.9 mm thick), grog-tempered, may be part of the butt end of an elbow pipe, while the other four are elbow pipe bowl sherds: two at rims and two body or lower rim sherds. Three of the four sherds are from grog-tempered pipes, and the fourth pipe sherd is from a bone-tempered elbow pipe. Bowl wall thickness ranges from 5.4-7.3 mm, with a mean wall thickness of 5.95 mm.
A number of arrow points, preforms, and fragments have been recovered in the investigations at the Horatio Kunaz site (Table 17). The majority of the points identi able to type are either Alba or Perdiz, suggesting Caddo occupations that date both before and after ca. A.D. 1200. About 85 percent of the arrow points have been made from cherts (earth-toned brown, red, and reddish-brown) and petri ed wood materials available in local gravels. The arrow points made from light gray chert and gray chert may have been made from raw materials not available in the Sabine River basin.
There is one other stone artifact made from a brown chert pebble. This is a tubular-shaped pebble with six engraved lines etched into the cortical surface ( Figure 24). This possible ornament is 50 mm in length, 15-23 mm in width, and 14.5 mm in thickness.

Bison Site, Area A (16SA30)
The Bison site was on a natural rise on the east bank of the Sabine River (Scurlock and Davis 1962:50). It had extensive Caddo habitation deposits. UT excavations in 1963 consisted of several 5 x 5 ft. units and a 3 x 8 ft. trench, which identi ed archaeological deposits between 45-76 cm in thickness, along with midden deposits on the rise itself (Scurlock 1964:25-26).
UT returned to Area A of the Bison site in [1964][1965] to complete more extensive excavations (McClurkan et al. 1966:61-74). These excavations consisted of three backhoe trenches, a number of 3 x 10 ft. trenches across the southwestern part of the rise, and one 10 x 12 ft. unit ( Figure 25). The archaeological deposits ranged from the surface to ca. 46-122 cm bs and consisted of a "light tan or yellow-tan sand" (McClurkan et al. 1966:61). No cultural features were identi ed during the UT excavations.
The TARL collections from the site consist of a broad assortment of sherds (n=527) from Caddo grogand bone-tempered vessels (Table 18) and 11 arrow points. There are also two Woodland period Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed body sherds, one from ca. 61-76 cm bs (level 5). About 95.6 percent of the sherds are from grog-tempered vessels and the remaining 4.4 percent are from bone-tempered sherds; the proportion of bone-tempered vessel sherds is 8.1 percent among the utility ware and ne ware. The decorative elements on the sherds are primarily consistent with a ca. A.D. 900-1200 Caddo occupation at the Bison site, Area A.   Sherds from utility ware vessels represent more than 92 percent of the decorated sherds from the Bison site, Area A. The majority of the utility ware sherds have either punctated (n=61, 48 percent of the utility wares) or incised (n=42, 33 percent) decorative elements (Table 19). The incised sherds are from Davis Incised and Dunkin Incised vessels (Figure 26c), while the punctated sherds are probably from Kiam Incised or Weches Fingernail Impressed jars.  Several of the sherds from incised-punctated vessels are from Weches Fingernail Impressed jars, including two sherds that have a row of tool punctations at the rim-body juncture (see Figure 26b, d). Another incised-punctated sherd has a vertical incised panel lled with tool punctates (see Figure 26a); this may be from a Pennington Punctated-Incised vessel. One body sherd with closely-spaced parallel pinched ridges may be from a Hollyknowe Ridge Pinched vessel (see Webb and McKinney 1975).
The majority of the engraved sherds are likely from carinated bowls and beakers. One sherd, possibly from a Holly Fine Engraved vessel, has sets of diagonal lines attached to a single horizontal engraved line ( Figure 27a). Two of the engraved sherds are from bottles; one has curvilinear lines while the other has a cross-hatched zone and parallel diagonal engraved lines (Figure 27b).
Several of the utility wares suggest that there is a post-A.D. 1400 Caddo occupation in Area A at the Bison site. This includes Belcher Ridged, var. Byram Ferry (n=2) and var. Belcher (n=1) sherds as well as a few brushed (n=8) and brushed-incised (n=2) sherds (see Table 19). All told, these few sherds represent only 10.3 percent of the utility wares from the site.

Bison Site, Area B (16SA30)
There are material culture remains in the TARL collections from two of the excavated features in Area B at the Bison site. Area B is about 300 meters south of Area A (Scurlock and Davis 1962:50;Scurlock 1964:25-26;Woodall 1969:26). The features at the site are on a sandy rise on an alluvial terrace overlooking Brown's Bend on the Sabine River. The midden-covered rise had a number of Late Caddo period burials, including Features 1-2, 4-8, 12, 14-21, as well as two large pits (Feature 3, 11), ve small (38-53 cm in diameter) pits, 14 post holes from parts of one or two Caddo structures, and a clay hearth (Feature 13) (Woodall 1969:29-39). In Feature 11, a large pit lled with midden debris, was a broken deer antler tine tool ( Figure 28). The fragmentary tool is at least 84.5 mm in length, 19.8 mm in width, and 14.0 mm in thickness, with worn/ polished areas near the tool's tip.
There is also a concentration of green glauconitic clay pigment from Feature 17, a burial feature (Woodall 1969:36-37). The pigment offering was found near the right foot of the deceased individual.

Bison Site (16SA30), Unknown Area
An unknown area at the Bison site investigated by UT in 1962-1963(Scurlock 1964) has a few grog-tempered or bone-tempered sherds, most notably a Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher body sherd. Other decorated sherds from this area-which is probably Area B given the apparent age of the ceramic sherds-include brushed, diagonal opposed incised, and closely spaced parallel incised decorative elements.

Salt Works Lake Site (16SA47)
The Salt Works Lake site was located along the northern edge of a small dry lake bed (McClurkan et al. 1966:1) in the Sabine River valley. According to McClurkan et al. (1966:1), "a great deal of pottery has weathered out of the bank and a surface collection was made…time and weather prohibited further excavation at the site." A large assemblage of Late Caddo period ceramic sherds (n=922) are in the TARL collections from the site. There is also one Woodland period Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed sandy paste sherd in the collection from the site. The sherds are from both bone-tempered (63 percent of the assemblage) and grog-tempered (37 percent) vessels; there is also one plain shell-tempered sherd (Table 20). About 71 percent of the decorated sherds are from utility ware vessels, and the remainder are from engraved and trailed ne ware vessels (Table 21). Proportionally, the most common decorative methods in the assemblage from the Salt Works Lake site are brushed (n=75, 47 percent of all the decorated sherds) and engraved (n=41, 25 percent), followed by incised (n=15, 9 percent), brushed-incised (n=9, 5.6 percent), and ridged (n=6, 3.7 percent). The considerable amount of brushed pottery (albeit all body sherds), as well as Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher jar sherds, and the distinctive motifs on the engraved and trailed ne ware sherds indicate that the principal occupation at the site took place after ca. A.D. 1500, contemporaneous with the Belcher phase in the Red River valley (cf. Kelley 2006), and the occupation may have lasted into the 17th century.   Appliqued sherds comprise 1.7 percent of the utility wares (see Table 21). The sherds have either appliqued llets (Figure 29a) or appliqued ridges. The bodies of a number of utility ware vessels have brushed decorative elements, including curvilinear, opposed, overlapping, and parallel brushing marks; the parallel brushing marks on sherds are probably indicative of vertical brushing on vessel bodies. Almost 8 percent of the utility ware sherds have brushed-incised decorative elements, including three Mound Tract Incised and Brushed sherds (see Kelley 1997:52) with curvilinear incised zones lled with brushing marks (Figure  29b-c). According to Kelley (1997:52), Mound Tract Incised sherds and vessels have been recovered from Belcher phase contexts on Red River Caddo sites. Another brushed-incised sherd has diagonal incised lines on the lower rim and vertical brushing on the vessel body (Figure 29e).
There are 15 sherds with incised decorative elements at the site (see Table 21), and another 3.5 percent are from vessels with incised-punctated decorative elements. This includes one rim with diagonal incised lines as well as a row of tool punctates at the rim-body juncture (see Figure 29d).
Approximately 6 percent of the utility ware sherds are from Belcher Ridged vessels (see Table 21). This includes one 15th century A.D. Belcher Ridged, var. Byram Ferry sherd and six post-A.D. 1500 Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher sherds.
The ne ware sherds from the Salt Works Lake site are from both trailed (4.3 percent of the ne wares), engraved (87 percent), and engraved-brushed (8.7 percent) vessels. The trailed sherds are from Keno Trailed bowls.
A number of rim sherds have horizontal engraved lines (see Table 21), but the overall design motif is not known. At least two of the engraved sherds have an horizontal engraved line with a row of excised pendant triangles (Figure 30a, e), and these may be from Ripley Engraved, var. McKinney vessels. One Taylor Engraved carinated bowl sherd in the assemblage has a hooked arm element (Figure 30b).
Sherds with rectilinear engraved elements are from Glassell Engraved carinated bowls (see Figure 30d). The sherds with slanted scroll elements (see Figure 30f, i-j) are also from varieties of Glassell Engraved (see Kelley 1997: Figure 35). Other distinctive engraved decorative elements in the ne ware sherds include a rim with diagonal opposed hatched zones (see Figure 30g) and a carinated bowl rim with a tear drop element. This element includes a curvilinear zone with an inner excised tear drop-shaped element (see Figure 30h).
The engraved-brushed vessels are a distinctive part of the ne wares at the Salt Works Lake site. One sherd has a vertical cross-hatched engraved ladder on the rim and vertical brushing on the body; two others have a horizontal engraved line on the lower rim and either horizontal or vertical brushing marks on the vessel body. A carinated bowl sherd has broad curvilinear engraved lines on the rim and horizontal brushing marks on the vessel body (see Figure 30c).

16SA101
This site was investigated by SMU during the 1967-1968 season at Toledo Bend Reservoir (Benham et al. 1973:20-36). The work consisted of the hand excavation of a number of 1 x 5 m or 1 x 10 m trenches and nine test pits of various sizes (Benham et al. 1973: Figure 3) on a terrace (160 ft. amsl) above the Slaughter Creek oodplain. During the work three pit features (Features 26-28) were identi ed, along with ve artifact clusters at the northern and southern ends of the landform (Figure 31).
The initial and very limited occupation of 16SA101 took place during the latter part of the Woodland period (post-dating ca. A.D. 700). This is evidenced by a reddish-brown chert Friley arrow point and two Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed sherds in the collection: a base and body sherd.
The Caddo ceramic assemblage from the site consists of sherds (n=607) primarily from grog-tempered plain ware, utility ware, and ne ware vessels; approximately 93 percent of the sherds from all three wares are from grog-tempered vessels (Table 22). Another 6.8 percent of the sherds are from bone-tempered vessels, and only 0.2 percent of the sherds are from shell-tempered vessels. One of the plain grog-tempered body sherds has been worked into a 41 mm ceramic disk.  More than 95 percent of the 293 decorated sherds from 16SA101 are from utility ware jars and bowls; only 4.4 percent are from engraved or trailed ne ware vessels (see Table 22). The utility ware sherds are primarily from vessels with incised decorative elements: 77 percent of the utility wares and 85 percent of the utility ware rims (Table 23). The next most common utility ware are sherds from punctated vessels and they only comprise 13 percent of the utility wares and 6 percent of the utility ware rims. Incised-punctated sherds represent 7.5 percent of the utility ware assemblage and 9.6 percent of the utility ware rims. Sherds from brushed vessels-either with brushing as the sole decorative element or brushing in combination with either incised lines or punctations-only account for 2.1 percent of the utility ware sherds.  The occurrence of only a few sherds with brushed decorative elements suggests that the principal Caddo occupation at the site took place early in the Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400), based on the manufacture of brushed vessels in the region beginning around ca. A.D. 1200. This temporal assessment is consistent with the presence of L'Eau Noire Incised sherds in the assemblage-dated by Brown (1998:7, 57) to between ca. A.D. 1200-1350-as well as diagonal opposed Pease Brushed-Incised body sherds, probably an early variety of this utility ware type.
The rim sherds with incised decorative elements are dominated by those with sets of horizontal lines (n=21, 48 percent of the rims with incised elements), horizontal and diagonal lines (n=12, 27 percent), and diagonal lines (n=3, 7 percent) (see Table 23). The rims with sets of horizontal lines may be from Davis Incised, Dunkin Incised, or Kiam Incised vessels, but those with horizontal and diagonal opposed incised decorative elements (Figure 32c  Other incised rim sherds from 16SA101 have hatched elements. Two rims have diagonal incised panels lled with hatched incised lines pitched in an opposite direction (see Figure 32e), and one rim has an incised triangle with horizontal hatched lines (see Figure 32f).
Two sherds with vertical incised panels lled with diagonal opposed lines are from Pease Brushed-Incised vessels (see Figure 32a-b; see also Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 60k). Also among the incised sherds are four rim or body sherds from L'Eau Noire Incised vessels with curvilinear and rectilinear panels. These may be from var. Bayou Bourbe vessels (see Brown 1998:15, 21).
The incised-punctated rim and body sherds include a variety of decorative elements. One sherd is from a L'Eau Noire, var. L'Eau Noire vessel (see Brown 1998:15, 57) that has rectilinear and curvilinear panels, and an inner line in a central panel begins at a small triangular-shaped punctation (Figure 33a). Another is from a Kiam Incised jar with horizontal incised lines on the rim and ngernail punctated rows on the vessel body ( Figure 33b). Other incised-punctated sherds have an incised circle element, below two horizontal incised lines, lled with circular punctations (Figure 33c); these may be from Crockett Curvilinear Incised vessels.
There are several incised-punctated sherds that have incised triangle-shaped elements lled with tool punctations (see Figure 33d, f), or punctated-lled incised triangles embedded in sets of diagonal incised lines (see Figure 33e). Other rim sherds have horizontal incised panels lled with tool punctations, either as the principal rim decorative elements (see Figure 33g), or the horizontal incised panel occurs in association with other horizontal incised lines (see Figure 33h).
Most of the punctated sherds have ngernail (57 percent) or tool punctates (30 percent). These occur in rows on the rim and/or body of utility ware jars, and the ngernail punctated sherds may well be from Kiam Incised vessels (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:89).
The ne ware sherds include engraved (n=12 sherds, including three rims) and trailed (n=1) decorative elements. The one horizontal engraved rim sherd may be from a Hickory Engraved vessel. The most distinctive decorative elements include hatched zones (Figure 34c-d) in various orientations and horizontal engraved lines with attached hatched triangles or hatched pendant triangles (Figure 34a-b). These decorative elements are prevalent in Middle Caddo ne ware ceramic assemblages in the Sabine River basin.
The trailed sherd is from a ca. post-A.D. 1600 shell-tempered Keno Trailed bowl with curvilinear trailed lines. No other decorated ceramics of this age have been identi ed in the 16SA101 assemblage.
The Caddo chipped stone tools in the assemblage at 16SA101 includes 16 arrow points, preforms, and fragments, and three bifacial perforators. The two ovoid preforms are on local red and brownish-red chert, while the ve fragments are on locally available petri ed wood, reddish-brown chert, and yellow chert as well as probable non-local materials: gray chert and dark grayish-brown chert. Identi ed arrow point types include Alba (n=7) and Perdiz (n=2). The Alba points are on local raw materials (2 brown chert, 3 red chert, 1 reddish-brown chert, and 1 petri ed wood), and the Perdiz points are on a brown chert and a non-local grayish-white chert.
The bifacially chipped perforators are made from local raw materials: red chert (n=2) and petri ed wood. One red chert perforator is bi-pointed (Figure 35a), while the other two have at bases and a curved tip (Figure -b-c).
Two European trade goods of 18th century age were recovered at 16SA101 during the excavations (Benham et al. 1973:35). One was a French iron knife and the other was an undecorated iron trigger guard from a musket suggested to date from A.D. 1725-1750.

Ceramic Vessels from Burials in Louisiana Sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir
The TARL vessel collection from sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir include 26 vessels from four sites: Goode (16SA1), Bison, Area B (16SA30), Salt Lick (16SA37a), and Coral Snake (16SA48). Almost 90 percent of the vessels are from the Salt Lick site excavations conducted by University of Texas archaeologists in the Fall of 1964 (see McClurkan et al. 1966). With the exception of the two vessels from the Coral Snake site that date to the early part of the Middle Woodland period (ca. 100 B.C. to A.D. 100) (Jensen 1968a(Jensen , 1968b, the other vessels are from post-A.D. 1400 Late Caddo period burial features at the other three sites. The Goode site is on an alluvial rise in the Sabine River oodplain, ca. 60 m southeast of the Coral Snake Mound site (see Figure 1). SMU conducted excavations at the site in 1966 (Woodall 1969). The focus of the excavations was a midden deposit on the rise, and more than 8,000 Caddo sherds were recovered. Woodall (1969:11) noted that "the sherds are unusually large for a midden site; often a concentration of fragments was encountered which represented a large segment of a single broken vessel."  As discussed above, the Bison site, Area B is a post-A.D. 1500 Caddo habitation site and cemetery (see Woodall 1969: Figure 9). A total of 15 extended burial features (and one exed burial, Feature 1) were excavated at the site, including Feature 15 (see below). The burial features had a number of funerary offerings, including ceramic vessels, clay elbow pipes, sandstone ear spools, caches or quivers of arrow points, and clay pigments.
Feature 15 is a small burial pit (148 x 54 cm), suggesting it is the interment of a child (Woodall 1969:35). The deceased was accompanied by three vessels, one of which is in the TARL collections. One vessel was a bowl with tool punctations (Woodall 1969: Figure 12t), another is a plain bottle (Woodall 1969: Figure 12s), and the third is the vessel described below, an incised beaker. The Salt Lick site (16SA37a) was a Caddo habitation site (with midden deposits) on a natural rise ( Figure 38) south of La Nana bayou, a westward-owing tributary to the Sabine River (see Figure 1). Hand and backhoe trench excavations uncovered 10 burials, six that may have been exed (Burials 1-6) and four that were extended burials with the deceased placed in an extended supine position on the oor of the grave (Burials 7-10).
Only two of the exed burials had funerary offerings: a Pease Brushed-Incised jar and an engraved carinated bowl with a poorly executed design in Burial 1, and two engraved bowls in Burial 4. The engraved bowls resemble varieties of Womack Engraved and Patton Engraved (McClurkan et al. 1966: Figures 21f  and 22h). The extended burials, on the other hand, had a number of funerary offerings, including ceramic vessels (n=25), clay elbow pipes (n=1), a quiver of Perdiz arrow points (n=12), a sandstone ear spool, mussel shells (n=2), and turtle shells (n=3). There are currently 22 Caddo ceramic vessels in the TARL collections from the Salt Lick site. The two vessels from the Coral Snake Mound site (16SA48) were recovered during 1966-1967 excavations by SMU in the one mound there ( Figure 56); see Jensen 1968aJensen , 1968b. The vessels were found in two ca. 100 B.C.-A.D. 300 Woodland cremation features (Jensen 1968a: Table 9). The plain bowl came from Feature 9 in the third and nal stage of mound construction and use, found in association with red ochre-stained sediments, a copper bead, and a copper-stained human tooth. The Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville jar was in Feature 16 in the primary mound (Stage 2), in association with rib fragments and a trapezoidal copper pendant. The vessel rim has 20+ rows of small dentate stamping as well as two horizontal lines at the base of the rim (Figure 57a). There is a single row of linear punctations between the horizontal lines.
The vessel body has broad U-shaped curvilinear incised lines that have formed four sets of incised raptor heads (i.e., Hopewellian bird motif, Brown 1998:35). The raptor heads face in opposing directions on the vessel body, and are separated from each other by curvilinear and vertical incised lines and dentate stamped areas. The zones between the incised lines are lled with dentate stamping as a background for the central incised decorative element (see Figure 57a, c).
The vessel base is encircled by three horizontal incised lines, and the outer two lines form a band lled with dentate stamping (see Figure 57b). The inner incised circle is divided into nine rectangular zones, two of which are lled with dentate stamping.
PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: None TYPE AND VARIETY (IF KNOWN): Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville (Brown 1998:35) Both of the Middle Woodland period Coral Snake vessels are small in size, and tempered with grog. One is lip-notched and the other has an incised-dentate stamped decoration featuring an incised bird or raptor. This vessel has been classi ed as Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville, a Lower Mississippi Valley ceramic type.
The absence of Taylor Engraved, Belcher Ridged, and Belcher Engraved ceramic types in these burial features suggest they date to the earlier part of the Late Caddo period, from ca. A.D. 1400-1500. The one cf. Patton Engraved vessel from the Salt Lick site is temporally anomalous, if the vessel is correctly identi ed to type, as this type is rather securely dated to post-A.D. 1560 contexts in East Texas Caddo burial features (Perttula et al. 2011), and even more so to post-A.D. 1650 times. b. c.

Other Vessels from Louisiana Caddo Sites
Courtesy of Jeffrey S. Girard of Northwestern State University of Louisiana in Natchitoches, Louisiana, we reproduce images of other Caddo vessels from four other sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir. This includes one vessel from an unnumbered site in DeSoto Parish, nine vessels from the Bison, Area B site (16SA30) (see also Woodall 1969:Figures 11-13 for other vessels from the site), one vessel from 16SA67, and one vessel from 16SA91 (see also Girard 2007: Figure 38; Gregory 1966).
The one vessel from the DeSoto Parish site is a Sinner Linear Punctated jar (Figure 58a). The nine vessels from the Bison site, Area B include plain ware (Figure 58b), Belcher Ridged (Figure 58c), an incised bowl (Figure 58d), and a ne ware bottle of unusual shape (Figure 58e), a Taylor Engraved olla (Figure 58f), and carinated bowls (Figure 58g-j). The carinated bowls are Ripley Engraved vessels, and one of the carinated bowls has the tear-drop engraved motif also noted in a vessel at the Salt Lick site and another burial feature at the Bison, Area B site (Woodall 1969: Figure 11z). There are also Pease Brushed-Incised jars from 16SA67 ( Figure 58k) and 16SA91 (Figure 58l).

Texas Sites
There are 46 archaeological sites and one area (in Sabine County) that have either Woodland period (ca. 2500-1150 years B.P.) or ancestral Caddo (ca. post-1150 years B.P.) components with archaeological material remains at TARL (Table 24). Thirteen of the sites (28 percent) have Woodland period components with sandy paste Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed ceramic sherds and/or early style arrow points (i.e., Friley points). More than 93 percent of the Toledo Bend Reservoir sites in Texas, however, have grog-and/ or bone-tempered plain and decorated ceramic vessels made by ancestral Caddo potters, and nine sites (19 percent) have Caddo style arrow points of different styles (i.e., Alba and Perdiz styles).
Most of the Texas sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir have very small TARL collections, but a few have more substantial assemblages. These assemblages are discussed in more detail in the remainder of this section.

41PN12
This site was investigated during the Spring 1962 survey (Scurlock andDavis 1962:15), although it was some distance from the proposed reservoir ood pool on an upland landform in the Mill Creek drainage system. The site has a large midden deposit (ca. 1 acre); European glass trade beads had been reported by collectors from the site.
A total of 33 Caddo ceramic sherds (31 body sherds and two base sherds) from grog-tempered (n=29, 88 percent) and bone-tempered (n=4, 12 percent) vessels. Nine of the sherds have decorative elements, including ve with parallel brushing marks, one with cross-hatched incised lines, another with a curvilinear incised line, and two with incised-punctated decorative elements. One of these sherds has diagonal opposed lines, with one set of lines beginning in a row of tool punctations (Figure 59a), while the other has a circular incised zone lled with tool punctations (Figure 59b).

41SB57
The only archaeological work done at 41SB57 was a survey investigation in the Fall of 1961 (Scurlock and Davis 1962:30). The site is in the uplands west of Housen Bayou; a surface collection came from a road bar ditch.
A total of 13 Caddo ceramic sherds were collected at that time, from both grog-tempered (n=8, 61.5 percent) and bone-tempered (n=5, 38.5 percent) vessels. Four of the seven decorated sherds are from at least two post-Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher vessels. The other three decorated sherds include a rim with a horizontal engraved line below the rim, a body sherd with opposed engraved lines, and a body sherd with broad diagonally opposed incised lines. The occurrence of Belcher Ridged, var. Belcher vessel sherds at 41SB57 indicates that the ancestral Caddo occupation took place sometime after ca. A.D. 1500. Figure 59. Decorative elements on incised-punctated body sherds from 41PN12:a-b, body sherds.

41SB64
This site was rst investigated in the Fall of 1961 by UT archaeologists (Scurlock and Davis 1962:33). It was on a small (ca. 22 m in diameter) alluvial rise near the Sabine River and an area of salt ats, and prehistoric artifacts were noted in a road cut that bisected the rise.
A Woodland period Mossy Grove culture occupation is indicated by a Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed rim sherd. The remainder of the collected artifacts from the site are from an ancestral Caddo occupation and include a brown chert perforator (Figure 60) that is 49 x 6.7 mm in length and width and 18 grog-(n=8, 44.4 percent) and bone-tempered (n=10, 55.6 percent) sherds. The ve decorated sherds in the small ceramic assemblage are comprised four parallel incised body sherds and a body sherd with small circular punctations. In 1962-1963 received test excavations by UT archaeologists (Scurlock 1964:9-12). This consisted of a 3 x 8 ft. trench on the southern edge of the site and another small unit on the crest of the rise. Archaeological deposits were a maximum of 45 cm in depth, in tan alluvial sediments. The 40 sherds found in that work included a Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed body sherd and rim sherd and 38 Caddo vessel sherds. Only three of the sherds were decorated, all with incised elements: a rim with horizontal and vertical lines, a body sherd with curvilinear lines, and a body sherd with diagonal opposed and curvilinear lines ( Figure 61).
Also recovered in the work is a bowl rim sherd from a grog-tempered Red River style long-stemmed pipe. The bowl sherd is 5.6 mm thick and has a direct rim and a rounded lip.

41SB100
This site was investigated by Southern Methodist University (SMU) archaeologists during the 1967-1968 season (Benham et al. 1973: Table 1). The one ancestral Caddo sherd in the TARL collection is a grog-tempered Weches Fingernail Impressed jar lower rim-body sherd (Figure 62). A tan chert Alba arrow point is also in the collection, along with pieces of daub. These artifacts indicate that 41SB100 was used by Caddo peoples between ca. A.D. 1000-1200.
A notable nd from the site is a medium (5.5 mm in diameter) opaque blue glass bead with six facets. This wire-wound bead may be related to a post-18th century use of the site by Caddo peoples.

41SB113
SMU archaeologists worked at 41SB113 during the 1967-1968 season at Toledo Bend Reservoir (Benham et al. 1973:Tanle 1). Recovered material culture remains from the 60 m diameter site include a Perdiz arrow point of tan chert and 31 ceramic sherds. The sherds are from grog-(n=29, 93.5 percent) and bone-tempered (n=2, 6.5 percent) vessels. The 10 decorated sherds in the assemblage include one ne ware body sherd with a single straight engraved line and nine utility ware sherds. These have rows of tool punctations (n=1), diagonal opposed incised lines (n=1, Dunkin Incised) (Figure 63a), parallel incised lines (n=4), horizontal incised lines on rim sherds (n=2), and one rim from a Dunkin Incised vessel with diagonal incised lines (Figure 63b).

41SY12
Site 41SY12 was investigated during the Spring 1962 UT archaeological survey at then proposed Toledo Bend Reservoir (Scurlock and Davis 1962:36). It was situated on an eroded upland landform. On the crest of the landform, the archaeological sediments were in deep sand, with preserved midden deposits. This work resulted in the collection of 49 ceramic sherds, both bone-tempered (n=27, 55 percent) and grog-tempered (n=22, 45 percent).   About half of the sherds are from the decorated portions of vessels. Two are from engraved ne ware vessels, one rim with horizontal and diagonal opposed lines on the rim ( Figure 64) and a body sherd with a single straight line. The other decorated sherds are from either incised (a body sherd with a straight line) or brushed vessels, including a rim with overlapping brushing marks and 20 body sherds with parallel (n=17) or opposed (n=3) brushing marks. The high percentage of bone-tempered wares as well as the high proportion of brushed sherds in the decorated sherd assemblage (88 percent) suggests that 41SY12 was occupied during the Late Caddo period, probably after ca. A.D. 1600.
The La tte site (41SY15) is an ancestral Caddo mound center that was identi ed and recorded in the early 1960s during the course of archaeological surveys of then proposed Toledo Bend Reservoir (Scurlock 1964:12-15;Scurlock and Davis 1962:37). The La tte site is situated on the crest of an isolated upland ridge (ca. 270 feet amsl) that would have overlooked the Sabine River oodplain a few miles to the east and ca. 100 ft. lower in elevation. Its location on a prominent upland landform, with "a commanding view of the territory" (Middlebrook 2014:89) is similar to the placement of other "important local Caddo ceremonial centers" in this part of East Texas.
J. Dan Scurlock located the site in the Spring of 1962. He estimated the site covered a ca. 40 x 25 m area, but excavated no shovel tests to try to determine the areal extent of subsurface archaeological deposits at the site. The cultural features of note at the site included two earthen mounds not far from each other. The rst was ca. 9.2 m in diameter and ca. 1.5 m in height (Mound B), while the other was 15.2 m in diameter and ca. 0.9 m in height (Mound A). Ancestral Caddo pottery sherds were recovered to the south of the mounds.
Although Scurlock did not investigate the two mounds at that time, their size and shape are consistent with deliberately constructed Caddo earthen mounds in East Texas. The La tte site may be the southernmost and easternmost of the known multiple Caddo mound centers in East Texas (Perttula 2004: Figure 13.26). The mounds may have been built to cover important structures, serve as platforms for important buildings, or were constructed to cover burial pits of the political and religious elite in a local Caddo community (cf. Middlebrook 2014:100).
Only a handful of artifacts were collected by Scurlock from the La tte site in 1962. The artifacts included one red chert bipolar core and 19 ceramic sherds from Caddo vessels. These sherds were primarily from bone-tempered vessels (74 percent), while the other sherds are from grog-tempered vessels.
Eleven of the sherds are plain body sherds, but eight rim or body sherds have decorative elements. The rim is from a bone-tempered carinated bowl with broad horizontal and vertical excised areas under the lip and on the rim itself, but no clear decorative elements; the decorative elements might be from an excised bracket. The other seven decorated sherds are body sherds from wet paste utility ware jars. Three of these sherds (43 percent of the utility ware sherds) have parallel brushing marks, three others have parallel incised lines, and one has a row of tool punctations.
In 1963, UT archaeologists excavated several units (5 x 5 ft.) in Mound A, documenting basket-loaded mound ll overlying an original A-horizon at about 76 cm bs (Scurlock 1964:13-14). In addition to pieces of daub (n=10), ceramic sherds were relatively abundant in the mound deposits, particularly brushed sherds (54 percent of the 133 decorated sherds recovered in the work) and post-A.D. 1400 Late Caddo engraved sherds (Scurlock 1964:14). Most of the sherds from this assemblage are bone-tempered (65 percent).
The high proportions of bone-tempered vessel sherds as well as the frequency of brushed utility ware sherds (albeit given the very small size of the ceramic assemblage) in the La tte site ceramic assemblage suggests that the site dates to the Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1400-1680) period. There are a number of such sites in the mid-Sabine and Angelina River basins (see Perttula 2015b: Figure 11), and in fact, these sites are part of a recently identi ed Late Caddo period bone-tempered and brushed ceramic tradition in East Texas. Based on investigations at the nearby Morse Mound site (41SY27), also a Caddo multiple mound center (Bruseth et al. 2000;Middlebrook 2014), and the analysis of the ceramic assemblage from mound and village contexts (Perttula and Selden 2014), it is likely that the Morse Mound and La tte sites were occupied contemporaneously by Caddo groups. Mean calibrated radiocarbon ages from two samples (Middlebrook 2014:100) from the Morse Mound site, as well as the results of OCR analysis of sediment samples from mound and habitation contexts (Frink and Perttula 2001) at the site, indicate it was occupied by Caddo peoples from the late 15th century A.D. to the early 16th century A.D.

41SY100
41SY100 was investigated by SMU archaeologists in the 1967-1968 season at Toledo Bend Reservoir (Benham et al. 1973: Table 1). The site was located on a sandy rise above a slough near the Sabine River, and the sandy deposits were midden-stained; the midden deposits were ca. 50 cm thick (Benham et al. 1973:59).  Figure 65). There were four concentrations of ash and burned clay that were probably hearths, along with several pits. A possible structure area marked by several post holes was identi ed on the southeastern part of the rise. In addition to the cultural features, the excavations de ned six artifact clusters from north to south on the rise (Figure 65).
The Caddo ceramic assemblage from 41SY100 is dominated by sherds from grog-tempered vessels (92 percent) (Table 25). The remainder of the sherds are from bone-tempered vessels. Two of the grog-tempered plain rim sherds have drilled holes on the rim that range from 5.7-9.1 mm in diameter; these are likely suspension holes. Approximately 91 percent of the decorated sherds (n=20) are from utility ware vessels (see Table 25). Among the utility ware sherds is a body sherd with straight to curvilinear incised lines and a row of tool punctations (Figure 66a), as well as a Weches Fingernail Impressed, var. Weches rim sherd (Figure 66b). Others include horizontal incised rim and lower rim sherds (n=4); vertical incised lines (n=2); cross-hatched incised lines (n=1); Dunkin Incised sherds with diagonal opposed incised lines (n=3); parallel and straight incised lines (n=4); and ngernail (n=2) or tool punctated (n=2) rows.
One of the ne ware sherds is from the lower rim of a carinated bowl; it has horizontal engraved lines on the rim panel. The other is a bottle sherd with a cross-hatched engraved panel (see Figure 66c), possibly from a Holly Fine Engraved vessels.
In addition to the Caddo ceramic sherds, one diagonal lip notched Goose Creek Plain, var. unspeci ed rim sherd is in the collection. It also has a 6.3 mm drilled suspension hole below the rim. The four arrow points in the collection from 41SY100 include a red chert blade fragment and three possible Colbert points of red chert, brown chert, and reddish-brown chert. These have slightly expanding stems, concave bases, and parallel barbs (cf. Anderson and Smith 2003:Figure 5.13w-x).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Archaeological investigations at sites that were to be affected by the construction of Toledo Bend Reservoir were completed in the 1960s by UT and SMU. Much of that work took place on ancestral Caddo sites on the Louisiana side of the reservoir, and these sites attest to the occupation of the middle Sabine River basin from as early as ca. 500 B.C. to as late as the late 17th century, if not later. The sites that were investigated included a Woodland period mound site and a habitation site as well as a number of Caddo settlements, family cemeteries, and one Late Caddo period mound site (La tte, 41SY15). More substantial ceramic assemblages dating to the Early Caddo period or the Pace phase, from ca. A.D. 900-1200, are present at several sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir (Table 26). The earliest of these sites is likely the Caddo occupation at the James Pace site (16DS10), which Girard (2014)   Later Early Caddo sites, dating perhaps from ca. A.D. 1050-1200, have lower proportions of incised utility wares (34.1-63.6 percent) than does the James Pace site component and also they have more sherds from punctated vessels (see Table 26). Engraved ne ware sherds are overall also less common. Recognized types among the decorated sherds include Crockett Curvilinear Incised, Davis Incised, Dunkin Incised, Hickory Engraved, Holly Fine Engraved, Hollyknowe Ridge Pinched, Kiam Incised, Pennington Punctated-Incised, and Weches Fingernail Impressed. Although not listed in Table 26, similar decorated sherds are also present at 16SA17 and the Horatio Kunaz (16SA27) sites, but they are mixed with a more substantial number of post-A.D. 1400 Caddo ceramic sherds. None of the pre-A.D. 1200 Caddo components at Toledo Bend Reservoir have sherds from brushed vessels.
These Early Caddo period sherd assemblages are predominantly from grog-tempered vessels (91 percent). Sherds from bone-tempered vessels comprise only 9.0 percent of the plain and decorated sherds from these sites. Similar sherd assemblages have been documented from 41SB28 and 41SB38 in the Palo Gaucho and Housen bayous in the Toledo Bend Reservoir (Perttula 2015b: Table 9).
Based on the decorated ceramics, one site has a relatively unmixed Middle Caddo period component, or the Slaughter Creek phase, dating from ca. A.D. 1200-1400: 16SA101. The ceramics from this site are also predominantly from grog-tempered vessels (93.1 percent), with low amounts of sherds from bone-tempered vessels (6.9 percent). The decorated sherd assemblage has a few brushed sherds (2.0 percent, including brushed sherds with associated incised or punctated elements), but the assemblage is dominated by sherds from incised and punctated vessels (Table 27). Distinctive decorated sherds in the assemblage are from L'Eau Noire Incised and Pease Brushed-Incised utility ware vessels; the occurrence of sherds of these types at 16SA17 and Horatio Kunaz (16SA27) also suggests that they were also occupied to some extent during the Middle Caddo period. The most notable decorative elements in the ne ware vessels include hatched zones in various orientations and horizontal engraved lines with attached hatched triangles or hatched pendant triangles. These decorative elements are prevalent in Middle Caddo ne ware ceramic assemblages in much of the middle Sabine River basin. Well-known Late Caddo period sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir that have both ceramic vessels and decorated sherd assemblages include Salt Lick (16SA37a) and Bison, Area B (16SA30) (McClurkan et al. 1966;Woodall 1969). On the basis of the whole vessels from these sites, the cultural af liations of these sites may be said to exist with the Late Caddo Titus phase (perhaps its middle Sabine River manifestation at the Pine Tree Mound site community, see Fields and Gadus 2012), given the popularity of Ripley Engraved, Taylor Engraved, Karnack Brushed-Incised, and Wilder Engraved vessels in the burials (Table 28); Belcher Ridged vessels from Belcher phase sites are also funerary object inclusions in burials. However, it remains to be determined if any of these engraved vessels were locally manufactured, or were instead vessels traded to a local Caddo community that lived in this part of the Sabine River basin (see Kelley 2006;Kelley et al. 2010). There are other vessels from the Goode (16SA1), Bison, Area B (16SA30), Salt Lick (16SA37a), and Coral Snake (16SA48) sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir. With the exception of the two vessels from the Coral Snake site that date to the early part of the Middle Woodland period (ca. 100 B.C. to A.D. 100), the other vessels are from post-A.D. 1400 Late Caddo period burial features at the other three sites.
The sherds from domestic contexts at these sites, as well as at the nearby Burnitt site (16SA204; Kelley 2006;Kelley et al. 2010), are dominated by typologically unidenti able ne ware and utility ware sherds as well as Belcher Ridged, incised, brushed, and Pineland Punctated-Incised sherds (see Table 28). The proportion of ridged utility wares is suggestive of cultural connections with Belcher phase Caddo groups on the Red River to the east and northeast (cf. Webb 1959). Post-A.D. 1400Post-A.D. /1430 Caddo archaeological sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir are included in a Salt Lick phase. Recognized decorated types in these sites include Belcher Ridged, Glassell Engraved, Keno Trailed, Mound Tract Incised and Brushed, Pease Brushed-Incised, Pineland Punctated-Incised, Ripley Engraved, and Taylor Engraved. Vessels in our analyzed set include Karnack Brushed-Incised, Pease Brushed-Incised, Ripley Engraved, and Wilder Engraved; there are also cf. Patton Engraved and cf. Womack Engraved vessels. The majority of the vessels are bone-tempered, while most of the sherds from domestic assemblages are from grog-tempered vessels. Only at the Salt Works Lake site (16SA47) are sherds from bone-tempered vessels more common in domestic contexts than grog-tempered vessels.
There are three groups of Late Caddo period decorated sherd assemblages in the Toledo Bend Reservoir sites examined in this study. The rst and probably earliest of the groups are the assemblages from 16SA17 and the Horatio Kunaz site (16SA27). These two assemblages are primarily from grog-tempered vessels (87.1 percent); sherds from bone-tempered vessels account for 12.9 percent of the sample. Fine ware sherds are far from abundant (between 2.8-7.7 percent of the decorated sherds), and sherds from incised vessels are by far the most common decorated methods represented in the two assemblages (49.0-57.3 percent of all the decorated sherds) (Table 29). Sherds with brushed decorative elements, including sherds with brushing and either appliqued, incised, or punctated elements, only account for between 13.1-16.8 percent of the decorated sherds. Belcher Ridged sherds are rare: 0.8-1.3 percent; they include both var. Byram Ferry and var. Belcher. The second group of Late Caddo period ceramic assemblages include the Bison, Area B (16SA30), Salt Lick (16SA37a), and Salt Works Lake (16SA47) sites (see Table 29). At these sites, sherds from bone-tempered vessels are more common than at any other time, as 34 percent of the sherds from the Salt Lick and Salt Works Lake site are from bone-tempered vessels; at Salt Works Lake, 63 percent of the sherds have bone temper. Bone temper has also been shown to be most common in post-A.D. 1400 Caddo sites on Palo Gaucho Bayou, particularly in the youngest site in the temporal sequence: 41SB29 (see Perttula 2015b: Table  9). The oldest sites, in Palo Gaucho and Housen bayous, apparently predating ca. A.D. 1200, have very little bone temper (2.4-9.4 percent) in the ceramic assemblages. Thus, through time, the use of bone temper by Caddo potters in these parts of the mid-Sabine River basin increased by more than 33-40 percent from sometime prior to A.D. 1200 to after ca. A.D. 1400 in the Palo Gaucho Bayou and 15 percent in the Housen Bayou sites. In the Louisiana sites, the use of bone temper increased from 6.9 percent in Middle Caddo period times to as much as 34 percent in one group of Late Caddo period sherd assemblages and as much as 75 percent in a sample of Late Caddo period vessels primarily from the Salt Lick site.
These particular assemblages have considerable amounts of brushed pottery: between 26.4-52.2 percent of all the decorated sherds (see Table 29). Belcher Ridged sherds are generally well represented (4.0-15.4 percent of the decorated sherds), as are sherds with incised decorated elements; sherds from incised-punctated vessels are uncommon, considerably different than is the case in the rst group of Late Caddo period ceramic assemblages. Fine wares, including both sherds from engraved (19.1-28.0 percent of the decorated sherds) and trailed sherds (2.1-2.5 percent of the decorated sherds), are relatively abundant.
The third and last group of Late Caddo period ceramic assemblages at Toledo Bend Reservoir is distinctive because of the very high proportions of brushed decorated sherds (Table 30) and the absence of Belcher Ridged sherds, unlike the previously discussed group of Late Caddo sherd assemblages that all have some amount of Belcher Ridged jar sherds (see Table 29). Sherds from vessels with brushing (alone, or in combination with appliqued or punctated decorative elements) comprise between 54.1 percent and 80.7 percent of all the decorated sherds from the sites. Other than sherds from incised vessels (11.9-13.4 percent of the decorated sherds), other utility wares or ne ware sherds are not well represented in this last group of Late Caddo sites. *counts not provided in Scurlock (1964), but noted as present The very high proportions of brushed sherds in this last set of Late Caddo period ceramic assemblages (see Table 30) would suggest that they date late in the period, but radiocarbon dates would be needed to con rm this. The use of bone temper in vessel manufacture is 17.7 percent of the sherds from the Haddens Bend site (16DS4), intermediate in proportion between the rst and second groups of Late Caddo period sites. On the other hand, the absence of Belcher Ridged sherds from assemblages with a reasonable decorated sherd sample size would seem to suggest that these sites were occupied during the early part of the Late Caddo period-from ca. A.D. 1400-1500-but were dominated by brushed utility wares.
The assemblage-level divisions in the decorated ceramic sherds we have made from the samples of sherds in the TARL collections from Toledo Bend Reservoir may have utility in sorting out of temporal and cultural af liations of the many ancestral Caddo sites in the middle reaches of the Sabine River basin. Focusing in further detail on speci c decorative elements, especially in the utility wares, may also have cultural historical signi cance regarding the material culture character of local Caddo groups. Such analyses ought to be continued with the archaeological assemblages from Toledo Bend Reservoir curated by Southern Methodist University, as these remain to be fully described and thus warrant restudy. Until these assemblages of sherds and vessels can be restudied in detail, it will remain to be determined what representative assemblages of ceramic ne ware and utility ware vessels and sherds from this part of the Sabine River basin looks like during the Pace (Early Caddo period), Slaughter Creek (Middle Caddo period), and Salt Lick (Late Caddo period) phases, which would help answer the question of the differing af liations of the local Caddo groups living along this part of the Sabine River basin.