The Keasler site (41HS235), a Titus Phase Cemetery in the Little Cypress Creek Basin, Harrison County, Texas

The Keasler site (41HS235) is a Late Caddo period, Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) cemetery in the East Texas Pineywoods (Figure 1). The site was excavated by collectors in the late 1970s, including Red McFarland, one of the more active looters of Caddo burials in East Texas. Minimal records on the burials at the site, and their contents, were provided by McFarland to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas (TARL).


INTRODUCTION AND SITE SETTING
The Keasler site (41HS235) is a Late Caddo period, Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680)   The Keasler site is near Little Cree , a northward-owing tributary to Little Cypress Cree . t is perhaps one of the easternmost-known Titus phase cemeteries in East Texas (see Perttula 2012:Figure 13- 2 and  Table 13-3), in an area where few Titus phase sites or cemeteries have been identi ed or investigated by professional archaeologists.

CEMETERY INVESTIGATIONS
During the course of the work at the cemetery by the various collectors, a total of 31 ancestral Caddo burials were excavated over an area roughly 18 m north-south and 12.2 m east-west ( Figure 2). Twentyve (81 percent) of the burials have east-west oriented pits where the deceased was laid out in the grave in an extended supine position, with their head facing to the west towards the House of Death in the Sky (Perttula 2012:393); this is the typical orientation of Titus phase burials. The other six burials (19 percent) were oriented generally in a northwest-southeast direction (Figure 2), with the head of the deceased facing towards the northwest ( Table 1). The two different groups of burials do not spatially overlap (the only case where burials overlap is Burials 5 and 11 in the center of the cemetery, both among the east-west-oriented group of burials (Figure 2), and there is no archaeological information available in the limited notes about the cemetery or the different burials that would suggest the two groups of burials were not generally contemporaneous. This begs the question of the meaning of the two different burial orientations at the site, but does suggest that a diversity of beliefs about the afterlife were present in the Caddo community that used the Keasler site cemetery.
The east-west-oriented group of burials range from 152-188 cm in length and 61-112 cm in width, while the northwest-southeast-oriented group of burials are from 165-170 cm in length and 56-81 cm in width (see Table 1). Other than a few burial features in the east-west group of burials that are somewhat longer and wider, the burial pits among both burial groups are generally the same size, suggesting they held the remains of ancestral Caddo adults. The burial pits fall within the range of burial pit sizes in other Titus phase cemeteries (Burden et al. 2014:421). Burial pit depths are variable in both groups of burials, ranging from 46-122 cm in the east-west burial group and 66-112 cm in the northwest-southeast burial group (see Table 1). The deeper burial pits are not distinguished by numerically or quantitatively distinctive funerary offerings.

Funerary Offerings
ith respect to the funerary offerings placed with the deceased in both groups, it is dif cult to be very speci c about any differences or similarities in their number and kind because the sketchy notes at TARL only quantify the number of ceramic vessels in each burial (see Table 1). In other cases, clay elbow pipes, arrow points, and celts are mentioned as funerary offerings, as is yellow and purple clay pigment, but the number of such offerings is not in the notes at TARL. A deer antler is mentioned as a funerary offering for Burial 7, having been placed inside a brushed bowl.
In the east-west oriented group of burials, there are 117 ceramic vessels, a mean of 4.7 vessels per burial (range from 0-11). A total of 16 percent of the burials in this group did not have ceramic vessel funerary offerings; the proportion of burials in the northwest-southeast oriented group of burials without ceramic vessel offerings is 17 percent. However, the mean number of ceramic vessels per burial in this group is 30 percent higher, at 6.2 (range from 0-12). The means of ceramic vessels in the burials in the two groups fall at the low end for Titus phase burials, where a recent analysis of cemeteries has shown that the mean frequency of vessels is 8.1 ± 3.8 per burial (Burden et al. 2014:423). Clay elbow pipes (Figure 3) are more common in the northwest-southeast group of burials (33 percent of the burials) than they are in the east-west group of burials (12 percent). Arrow points of unknown form are present in burial features in both burial groups. These subtle differences between burial groups in the number and kind of funerary offerings "do not show much evidence of differential status or social rank" (Perttula 2012:400), and the frequency of funerary offerings is at the low end of the scale in Titus phase cemeteries (Perttula 2012:Table 13-4). The burials at the Keasler site appear to be common members of the community, and fall in what Burden et al. (2014:425) would call Group 1 and Group 2 burials; Group 1 burials have no indication of social status, while the few Group 2 burials (Burials 15 and 31) have higher numbers of ceramic vessels. In general, the burials at the Keasler site family cemetery "have little indication of variable burial treatment based on status" (Burden et al. 2014:431). Available notes and drawings regarding the ceramic vessels placed in the burials as funerary offerings indicate that among the utility wares are Belcher Ridged, Cass Appliqued (Figure 4), Harleton Appliqued, and Karnack Brushed-Incised ( Figure 5) jars. The presence of at least one Belcher Ridged vessel suggests use of the cemetery after ca. A.D. 1500 (see Kelley 2012), and also suggests that there was interaction between Titus phase and Belcher phase Caddo groups on the Red River in the Great Bend area and below and in East Texas, respectively.  Fine ware vessels in burial features include several varieties of Ripley Engraved (var. Carpenter, var. Galt, var. McKinney, var. Richey, var. Williams, and var. unspeci          The range of varieties of Ripley Engraved vessels among the funerary offerings suggests that this Titus phase cemetery may have been used for several generations in the 16 th and 17 th century. Ripley Engraved, var. McKinney may well be a post-A.D 1600 variety, although the chronological ordering of the many varieties of Ripley Engraved has not been fully established through either radiocarbon dating or the seriation of burial features (cf. Fields et al. 2014).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Keasler site (41HS235) is a Titus phase family cemetery in the lower Little Cypress Creek basin in East Texas, a poorly known part of the Titus phase social landscape. The cemetery was excavated in the late 1970s by collectors, and there is not much detailed archaeological information available about the burial features or their funerary offerings.
The cemetery had 31 burial features, and most likely these features are the graves of adult men and women based on the size of the burial pits and the associated funerary offerings. The deceased were laid in the graves in an extended supine position, with 81 percent of the burials laid in the grave with their heads facing to the west, and the remaining burial features were buried with their heads facing to the northwest. This difference suggests that there was a diversity of beliefs about the afterlife among the ancestral Caddo peoples who used the site for the interment of the deceased.
Funerary offerings in the burials primarily include ceramic vessels both utility and ne wares in almost all of the burials, along with clay pipes and arrow points in only a few of the graves. The subtle differences between the two burial groups in the number and kind of funerary offerings do not provide much evidence of differential status or social rank, and the frequency of funerary offerings is at the low end of the scale in Titus phase cemeteries. The burials at the Keasler site appear to be those of common members of the Caddo community living in the lower part of the Little Cypress Creek basin. The range of decorated utility ware and ne ware vessels placed in the burial features are consistent with use of the cemetery by ancestral Caddo peoples in parts of the 16 th and 17 th centuries A.D.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Jonathan Jarvis at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin for access to the Keasler site records. Lance Trask prepared the gures in this article.