The L. L. Winterbauer Site (41WD6), Wood County, Texas

INTRODUCTION The L. L. Winterbauer site (41WD6) is an ancestral Caddo habitation site in the Lake Fork Creek basin west into Lake Fork Creek, itself a tributary to the Sabine River, about 1.5 miles west of Quitman, the county seat of Wood County. The recovered artifacts from the investigations of the Winterbauer site indicate that the site was occupied during the Late Caddo period Titus phase, dated generally between ca. A.D. 1430-1680.


INTRODUCTION
The L. L. Winterbauer site (41WD6) is an ancestral Caddo habitation site in the Lake Fork Creek basin west into Lake Fork Creek, itself a tributary to the Sabine River, about 1.5 miles west of Quitman, the county seat of Wood County. The recovered artifacts from the investigations of the Winterbauer site indicate that the site was occupied during the Late Caddo period Titus phase, dated generally between ca. A.D. 1430-1680.  Wilson and Jackson (1930) excavated a midden mound at the Winterbauer site in August 1930. The midden mound was estimated to be ca. 12.2 m in diameter and ca. 0.6 m in height. Wilson and Jackson (1930) describe it as a "kitchen midden mound and yielded many bones, a large quantity of shard [sic], deer Wilson and Jackson (1930) did not look for preserved evidence of habitation features in areas in proximity to the midden mound. Wilson and Jackson (1930) did make note of the provenience of certain remains in the midden mound, including turtle shells in the northwestern part of the midden, and a bone-tempered elbow pipe at a depth of ca. 13 cm bs in the northeastern part of the midden (Figure 2). There were also a total of nine canid skulls, probably marking the deliberate burial (or disposal) of dogs in the midden deposits, in the southern part of the midden mound.

41WD6 SITE SETTING AND INVESTIGATIONS
excavations.

ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE
In addition to 916 ceramic sherds from the midden mound at the Winterbauer site in the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas, there were clay coil fragments, lumps of kaolin clay, and an engraved elbow pipe. There were also animal bones (n=99) from turtle, deer, birds, and other mammals, dog crania, and two possible bison bones: a long bone fragment and a mandible of a juvenile. Freshwater mussel shell valves (n=13) were also collected by Wilson and Jackson (1930).

Ceramic Sherds
The ceramic assemblage includes sherds from plain ware (n=708; 661 body sherds, 18 rim sherds, and vessels (Table 1). Utility wares comprise 72 percent of the decorated sherds, dominated by sherds from vessels. About 4.8 percent of the sherds are from bone-tempered vessels, with the remaining 95.2 percent of the sherds being from vessels tempered with grog or crushed sherds. The principal decorative methods in the utility ware sherds from the L. L. Winterbauer site are sherds from neck banded (38 percent of the utility wares), appliqued (22 percent), and incised (18 percent) vessels have red-slipped vessel surfaces (see Table 1).
bisected the vessel body. The three appliqued-punctated rim and body sherds are also from McKinney Plain vessels, with a punctated row below the lip and adjacent appliqued nodes and/or vertical appliqued ridges ( Figure 3d). The body sherd with closely-spaced appliqued ridges is from a Harleton Appliqued jar (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 33c-d, g), while the three body sherds with closely-spaced diagonal opposed appliqued ridges ( Figure 3e) are from at least two Cass Appliqued jars (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:25 and Plate 13a-a').  The brushed and brushed-incised sherds only comprise 5.4 percent of the utility ware sherds at the Winterbauer site (see Tables 1 and 2). These sherds are from Bullard Brushed jars.

Brushed-Incised
The three rims with horizontal grooved lines are a distinctive part of the utility ware assemblage. Utility ware jar sherds with grooved decorative elements (i.e., from Lindsey Grooved vessels, see Marceaux 2011) are distributed in two clusters of Caddo sites in the upper Neches and Angelina river basins. These sites all date after ca. A.D. 1680 to ca. A.D. 1750 and are historic Caddo sites associated with the Allen phase. The grooved sherds from the Winterbauer site in the upper Sabine River basin likely represents parts of vessels was occupied into the early historic period.
The incised and incised-punctated sherds in the utility ware assemblage are primarily from Maydelle Incised vessels with sets of cross-hatched, diagonal, and diagonal opposed lines on the rim or incised trilip (see Figure 3a).
There are two lip notched rim sherds (see Table 2  The neck banded, neck banded-appliqued, and neck banded-punctated rim and body sherds comprise 42 percent of the utility ware sherds from the L. L. Winterbauer site (see Table 2). These are all from La Rue Neck Banded jars, which are almost exclusively grog/bone-tempered. These wares are found in sites in the upper Neches and upper Sabine River basins in Frankston (ca. A.D. 1400-1650) and Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) contexts and in Titus phase ceramic assemblages in the Big Cypress Creek basin (see Perttula 2015: Figure 10).
in East Texas; they represent 6 percent of the L. L. Winterbauer assemblage (see Figure 2). These may be from Mockingbird Punctated jars (Perttula et al. 1998), but larger sherds (i.e., sherds that show the punctated decorative elements ( Table 3)   Only one of the engraved sherds (1.9 percent) is from a vessel with a red slip. Including the previously mentioned Taylor Engraved rim sherd (see Figure 4d), 7.7 percent of the engraved sherds have had a red pigment rubbed in the engraved lines; another 3.8 of the engraved sherds have a white clay pigment rubbed in the engraved lines.
plied to either one or both surfaces of vessels (see Table 3). Two of the sherds are from red-slipped bottles. Other Late Caddo period sites where red-slipped sherds are common in assemblages include Titus phase sites in the Big Cypress and upper Sabine River basins and 41HP175 in the upper Sulphur River basin (see Perttula 2015: Table 1).

Bone Tools
There are several different kinds of bone tools from the midden mound at the Winterbauer site. This awls (Figure 6f-g); the deer ulna awls have beveled work areas at the distal margins of the tools. deer ulna awls range from 70-96 mm in length and 24-25 mm in width.

Mussel Shell Zoomorphic Pendant
Likely the most distinctive artifact recovered in the excavations at the Winterbauer site is a zoomorphic pendant carved from a fresh water mussel shell valve (Figure 7; see also Jackson 1935:Plate 3a). The pendant is 62.1 mm in length, 25.0 mm in width, and 3.3 mm in thickness. the shell margin, and there is an engraved diamond element centered on the body (see Figure 7); there are opposed notches on the shell valve's margin opposite the horizontal apex of the diamond. Finally, there are four short opposed diagonal lines near each of the sides of the diamond.
This style of zoomorphic pendant is viewed as a symbolically powerful object that may have been worn as a necklace or a single pendant centerpiece (McKinnon 2014). The most current interpretation of these pendants is that they are "part of a series of objects associated with broad cultural themes linked to thematic shaped plastrons" (McKinnon 2014:5). At the present time, there are only 16 sites in the entire Caddo area that have these zoomorphic pendants, and the pendant from the Winterbauer site is the southwestern one known in the entire corpus. The style of the Winterbauer pendant is virtually identical to pendants found  along the Red River and in the Big Cypress Creek basin from burial contexts. McKinnon (2014:21) places the Winterbauer pendant in his Group B1, which is described as follows: "they are slender pendants with an engraved pattern of concentric parallelograms or diamonds, usually with a dot in the center. The upper portion, or "head," is typically rounded with perforations or "eyes" just below the top of the head."

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The L. L. Winterbauer site is a Late Caddo period Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1550) habitation site along a tributary stream in the Lake Fork Creek basin of the East Texas Post Oak Savannah. Titus phase habitation sites with midden mounds and family cemeteries are quite abundant in this part of the Lake Fork Creek basin as well as in adjoining drainages not far to the west and east (Bruseth and Perttula 1981;Perttula et al. 1993), suggesting a sizeable population of ancestral Caddo farming groups lived in this part of East Texas after the early 15th century A.D.
Wilson and A. T. Jackson investigated the midden mound at the L. L. Winterbauer site in 1930. Other than a number of canid (dog) burials marked by nine dog crania, the midden mound contained concentrations of ceramic sherds, animal bones, charcoal, and ashes in 0.6 m thick deposits, but no other features. The artifact assemblage recovered from the excavations in the midden mound at the Earl Jones Farm site includes ceramic sherds (n=916), clay coils, several bone tools, and animal bones (n=99) from canid, deer, bird turtle, and two possible bison bones. The most unique artifact recovered in the midden mound excavations was a zoomorphic pendant made from a fresh water mussel shell valve (see Figure 7). These pendants are rare includes sherds from Bullard Brushed, Harleton Appliqued, Cass Appliqued, La Rue Neck Banded, McKincarinated bowls and red-slipped carinated bowls and bottles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful for the help received from Jonathan Jarvis concerning access to the records and collections from the L. L. Winterbauer site at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas MS on Caddo zoomorphic pendants.