The Sanders Site (41LR2): A Middle to Historic Caddo Settlement and Mound Center on the Red River in Lamar County, Texas

Repository Citation Perttula, Timothy K.; Nelson, Bo; Walters, Mark; and Selden, Robert Z. Jr. (2015) "The Sanders Site (41LR2): A Middle to Historic Caddo Settlement and Mound Center on the Red River in Lamar County, Texas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2015 , Article 65. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.65 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2015/iss1/65


INTRODUCTION
The T. M. Sanders site (41LR2) is one of the more important (although still not well known or intensively studied) ancestral Caddo sites known in East Texas (Figure 1), primarily because of its two earthen mounds ( Figure 2) and the well-preserved mortuary features of Caddo elite persons buried in Mound No. 1 (the East Mound). Archaeological work began at the site in 1931 by The University of Texas at Austin (Chelf 1939;Jackson et al. 2000;Pearce and Jackson 1931), with sporadic work by members of the Dallas Archeological Society in the 1940s and 1950s (Hanna 1950;Harris 1953;Housewright 1940;Wilson 1948; Sanders site began with Krieger's analyses (1946,2000,2009) of the burial features and associated funerary objects (including marine shell gorgets, shell beads, arrow points, and ceramic vessels). These analyses and studies continue to the present day, and rely upon the reanalysis and reinterpretation of the archaeological (Bruseth et al. 1995;Hamilton 1997;Jurney and Young 1995;Perttula 1997Perttula , 2013Schambach 1995Schambach , 1999Schambach , 2000aSchambach , 2000b and bioarchaeological (Maples 1962;Wilson 1993Wilson , 1994Wilson , 1995Wilson , 1997Wilson and Cargill 1993;Wilson and Derrick 1996) materials recovered in the Pearce and Jackson (1931) and Jackson et al. (2000) work.

CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
The archaeological investigations at the Sanders site that we report on were conducted in March 2014, just before crops were planted across the lands owned by Julia Trigg Crawford. No work was conducted on the portion of the Sanders site owned by the Sanders family.
The Crawford lands were plowed at the time of the archaeological investigations, with excellent surface visibility ( Figure 3). This dictated the nature of the archaeological work, which focused on the recognition and delineation of clusters of prehistoric artifacts on the surface of the site, and the obtaining of samples of effectively excavate and screen the soil matrix in the few shovel tests that were completed during the work. higher portions of the site where we documented areas of concentrations of surface artifacts. The method of documentation consisted of walking along until several artifacts were observed on the surface, and at that collected as far as the extent of visible material was present. Usually, the artifactual materials would extend Basically, all observable surface artifacts were collected within an area. 450 ft amsl. The higher areas contained soils of Caspiana silt loams surrounded by Redlake clays. The arthese were examined, but no surface artifacts were observed. These northern soils may be too recent in age, Future plans for archaeological investigations at the Sanders site include the excavation of shovel tests in each of the surface collection areas when the sediments are drier and can be more easily screened through 1/4-inch mesh. In conjunction with this will be a geophysical survey of the extensive habitation areas at the Sanders site to identify structural anomalies and other cultural features.

Surface Collection Areas
Clusters of artifacts were located during the surface inspection of the Sanders site, and the extent and spatial centroids of these surface collection areas was established with a GPS. A total of 33 surface collection areas have been established at the Sanders site, three on the Sanders family part of the site (Surface Collection Area 3   These surface collection areas are situated on an alluvial terrace of the Red River that sits at 450 feet amsl. They are distributed both south and east of the East and West Mounds, extending approximately 1260 m east from the East Mound and approximately 960 m south of the West Mound ( Figure 5), an area of approximately 470 acres, with distinctive clusters of surface collected artifacts beginning close to both mounds. This extensive distribution of artifacts indicates that there is an extensive ancestral Caddo settlement at the site, not just two earthen mounds and a midden area between them (see Krieger 1946: Figure 9). There is a small secondary area of the Sanders site on a higher alluvial terrace (474 ft. amsl) that overlooks the principal site area (see Perttula and Marceaux 2011;Peyton 2013) (see Figure 5). Ancestral Caddo ceramic sherds and other artifacts occur in low densities on this landform.

Shovel Tests
Four shovel tests were excavated at the Sanders site during the most recent archaeological investigations at the site, including ST 1 and ST 2 in Surface Collection Area 8, ST 3 in Surface Collection Area 6, and ST 4 in Surface Collection 13 (see Figure 4). Midden deposits were encountered in each of the shovel tests. Shovel tests #1 and ST 2 were excavated where darker soils, animal bone pieces, and mussel shell fragments were present on the surface within Area 8. Shovel tests #3 and ST 4 were excavated within adjacent surface collection areas.
The A-horizon silt loam with midden deposits (Figure 6) ranges from 23-45 cm in thickness, with the thickest deposits in ST 1 in Surface Collection Area 8. The A-horizon overlies either a reddish-brown silt loam or a dark yellowish-brown silt loam. The shovel tests contain moderate densities of ceramic sherds, sities average 6.75 sherds per shovel test (ca. 54 sherds per square meter), 0.75 lithic tools per shovel test (ca. 6.0 tools per square meter), 3.5 pieces of lithic debris per shovel test (ca. 28 pieces of lithic debris per square meter), and 5.0 pieces of animal bone/mussel shell per shovel test (ca. 40 pieces per square meter). The total mean artifact density per shovel test is 16.0, or ca. 128 artifacts per square meter in these Surface Collection areas; the highest artifact densities are in ST 1 (n=23) and ST 4 (n=19).  A soil probe was used in the approximate center of Area 5 in an area of some darker surface soils, and at 23-44 cm bs, a lens of possible midden soils was encountered. A shovel test was not attempted at the time, because of the wet soils, but will be a possible location for future shovel tests.

ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE
The recovered artifact assemblage from the 2014 shovel testing and surface collection investigations include both ancestral Caddo ceramic and lithic artifacts. Our 2014 collections include 1689 ceramic sherdstools, scrapers, and arrow points), lithic debris (n=513 from both shovel tests and surface collection areas),

Ceramic Sherds
A total of 1689 ceramic sherds were collected from four shovel tests and numerous surface collection areas ( Table 2). The surface collection areas with the highest numbers of sherds are concentrated east and southeast of the East Mound, and ca. 300 m south of the West Mound, overlooking Bois d'Arc Creek (Figure 7). About 75 percent of the sherds are from vessels tempered with grog. Another 11 percent are from bonetempered vessels, and the remaining 14 percent are from shell-tempered vessels (see Table 2). The surface collection areas with the highest proportion of grog-tempered sherds are both east-southeast ca. 250-500 m from the East Mound and ca. 480-720 m south of the West Mound, near Bois d'Arc Creek (Figure 8). The bone-tempered sherds have a similar distribution, although one surface collection area with a higher proportion of bone-tempered sherds is ca. 840 m southeast of the East Mound ( Figure 9). The surface collection areas with the highest proportion of shell-tempered sherds are in the areas east and southeast of the East Mound and well south of the West Mound near Bois d'Arc Creek ( Figure 10).
Although the seven surface collection areas with the highest proportion of shell-tempered sherds are clustered in two parts of the site (see Figure 10), the overall distribution of shell-tempered sherds is far from clustered. In fact, sherds from shell-tempered vessels occur in almost every surface collection area, and are widely distributed across the site: on the mounds, east and southeast of the East Mound, and well south of the West Mound, alongside Bois d'Arc Creek ( Figure 11).
Only 10 percent of the sherds from the Sanders site have decorations (Table 3). The site's overall plain to decorated ratio is a very high 8.94, indicating that plain wares are very well-represented in the ceramic assemblage. Between 11-12 percent of the grog-and bone-tempered sherds are decorated, compared to only 4 percent of the shell-tempered sherds. This difference suggests not only that the three distinct tempered  wares are represented by different proportions of plain versus decorated vessels, but also by differences in the frequency with which decoration of vessels occurs on their rim and/or body sections.
Utility ware sherds (i.e., those with wet paste decorations, such as brushed, incised, punctated, etc.) comprise only 33 percent of the decorated sherd assemblage (see Table 3). This proportion varies from 31 percent for grog-tempered sherds, 40 percent for shell-tempered sherds, and 45 percent for bone-tempered decorative elements. red-slipped; trailed sherds are included because the design element indicates it is from a Keno Trailed vessel proportions ranging from 55 percent for bone-tempered sherds, 60 percent for shell-tempered sherds, and 69 percent for grog-tempered sherds. The sherds with engraved decorative elements account for 76 percent percent are trailed (Keno Trailed).
There is a wide variety of decorative elements in the utility wares from the 2014 surface collection at the Sanders site (Table 4). These include appliqued (14.3 percent), brushed (3.6 percent), incised (44.6 percent), neck banded (8.9 percent), and punctated (26.8 percent) decorative methods.  Plain jars (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:97), but it is more likely they are body decorative elements on grog-and shell-tempered varieties of Nash Neck Banded (see Krieger 2000:141-142) 1 . The two grog-tempered brushed sherds in the utility ware sherds are probably from Bullard Brushed vessels made by Middle or Late Caddo potters in the upper Sabine and upper Cypress stream basins, as brushed utility wares do not appear to be a characteristic of the ceramics made at the Sanders site (see Krieger 1946Krieger , 2000. Figure 11. Distribution of surface collection areas with shell-tempered sherds at the Sanders site, shaded in black. The 24 grog-and bone-tempered incised rim and body sherds are probably from Canton Incised vessels, except for the bowl rim with horizontal incised lines (see Table 4). These latter sherds are probably from Davis Incised or Dunkin Incised vessels. The other incised decorative elements represented include cross-hatched lines (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 12c), diagonal opposed lines (Figure 12a; see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 12f-g), horizontal and diagonal opposed lines, horizontal and vertical lines (Figure 12b), and opposed lines (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 12a).

Decorative method
linear tool punctated row  -1  ----1  tool punctated row  -1  ----1  tool punctate, single  -1  -1  --2  Subtotal  1  12  -2  --15   Totals  6  37  -9  -4  56 One incised body sherd with parallel lines is from a shell-tempered vessel (see Table 4). It may be from the body of a Late to Historic Caddo Emory Punctated-Incised jar. When incising is present on these vessels, "it usually consists of straight to slightly curved lines extending from below the rim to the base or to about the middle of the body. Punctations are often combined with either incising or brushing" (Story et al. 1967:137).
The few grog-and bone-tempered neck banded sherds have horizontal rows of neck bands on the rim of utility ware jars. These sherds are from non-shell-tempered varieties of Nash Neck Banded. According to Krieger (2000:141), about 57 percent of the neck banded sherd/vessel batches in the Sanders site he analyzed banded vessel batches were recovered in the Mound No. 1 burials (Krieger 2000: Table 50), and apparently are from non-mound midden deposits trenched by UT in 1931.
The sherds with punctated decorative elements are from grog-and bone-tempered vessels that have one or more rows of punctations on the rim and/or the body of utility ware jars (see Table 4). This includes cane   known engraved rim motifs, including: opposed cross-hatched triangles; a negative meandering scroll with Figure 14. Womack Engraved body sherds: a, Area 11; b-c, Area 6; d, g-j, Area 9; e-f, Area 7; k-l, Area 8. a ticked line running along the center of the scroll; parallel and arcing curvilinear lines with or without tick marks; and a negative scroll with ticked lines and cross-hatched pendant triangles running down the center of the scroll (see Story et al. 1967:Figure 49). Several of the sherds from the Sanders site have such The grog-and bone-tempered red-slipped sherds (n=22) are from Sanders Plain bowls and carinated 2-42b), Sanders Plain is a grog-tempered, slipped, and undecorated type found widely across the Caddo area, including the middle reaches of the Red River and the upper Sabine River basin. Vessel forms include bowls, carinated bowls, and narrow and wide-mouthed bottles. There are no Maxey Noded Redware vessel sherds in this small assemblage of decorated sherds from the Sanders site, but sherds from this type are wellrepresented in the midden deposits trenched by UT in 1931 between the East and West Mounds (see below) as well as in the burials excavated in the East Mound (Mound No. 1, see Jackson et al. 2000;Krieger 1946). 5). These are from post-A.D. 1300 Clement Redware (cf. Flynn 1976) bowls or carinated bowls. One shelltempered rim has a row of tick marks, a Late to Historic Caddo decorative element, and two shell-tempered Plotting the distribution of temporally diagnostic decorated ceramic sherds across the surface collection areas at the Sanders site suggests that the alluvial terrace landform has had multiple ancestral Caddo occupations in generally the same intra-site sectors. The probable Sanders phase occupation-marked by Sanders Engraved, Sanders Plain, and Canton Incised rim and body sherds-is widely distributed across the landform, from east and southeast of the East Mound (Mound No. 1) to south of the West Mound (Mound No. 2) ( Figure 15). The post-A.D. 1300 Caddo occupation-marked by red-slipped and engraved shelltempered sherds, shell-tempered Emory Punctated-Incised, and grog-and bone-tempered Womack Engraved sherds-is less expansive, but also concentrated in clusters east and southeast of the East Mound (Mound No. 1) and south of the West Mound (Mound No. 2) ( Figure 16). The predominance of Womack Engraved to the mid-18th century A.D.

Chipped Stone
tools are most abundant in Areas 5, 7, 9, and 13 in clusters both well south and east-southeast of the two mounds (see Figure 4). Scraping tools are particularly common in Areas 8, 9, and 13, in the same clusters Evidence of the on site manufacture of chipped stone tools from Red River stream gravels at the Sanders site is provided by the recovery of cores and lithic debris from almost every Surface Collection Area (Table  7). Although a comprehensive collection of lithic debris was not obtained during the 2014 surface collection, the highest densities of lithic debris are in Areas 5, 7, 8, 9, and 13 (see Figure 4), east and southeast of the East Mound and south of the West Mound.

Arrow points
There are 26 arrow points and arrow point fragments as well as seven triangular to ovoid-shaped arrow point preforms in the Sanders site surface collection (Table 8). The triangular arrow points (n=14) have The triangular arrow points are manufactured from high quality raw materials, including novaculite (n=3) and Ouachita Mountains cherts (n=11) (see Table 8). The arrow point fragments and preforms are all made from Ouachita Mountains chert or Red River gravel chert (i.e., brown, yellowish-brown, and reddishbrown colors).
The scrapers are made almost exclusively from high quality Ouachita Mountains cherts (see Table 9). About 5.9 percent of the scrapers, from Areas 7 and 13 in the eastern part of the site, are made from a local quartzite. Utilized edges on the scrapers that are not broken range from 36.9 mm for end scrapers, 32.9-55.2 mm for side scrapers, and 75.2-86.9 mm for end-side scrapers.
Scraping tools are well distributed in surface collection areas across the Sanders site ( Figure 20). These are areas east-southeast of the East Mound and well south of the West Mound, the loci for both Sanders phase and Late to Historic Caddo period habitation areas.

Other Chipped Stone Tools
Other chipped stone tools from the surface collection areas and shovel tests at the Sanders site include shredding, and sawing wood, bone, and other organic materials.
made from various Ouachita Mountains cherts (86 percent), novaculite (2.8 percent), a yellow chalcedony (n=1, 1.4 percent), and quartzite (n=7, 9.7 percent). Most of the latter tools are from Area 9 (see Table   unilateral tools; 29.1 mm for the bilateral tools; 49.4 mm for the trilateral tools; and 17.1 mm for the distal ( Figure 21). This includes Areas 6, 7, and 13 in the eastern part of the site, and Areas 5 and 9 along Bois d'Arc Creek.
(n=1). The drills and denticulate are on Ouachita Mountains chert, the perforator is made from novaculite, and the gouge is chipped from a local quartzite. They are found in several surface collection areas in the eastern and southern parts of the Sanders site ( Figure 22).

Dart Points
A Late Archaic style dart point with a straight stem was found in Area 19 in the southern part of the site (Figures 23 and 24a). It is made from a yellowish-brown chert, and is 49.2 mm in length, 19.2 mm in width, 7.6 mm in thickness, and has a stem width of 11.3 mm. A Kent dart point, a Woodland period form in East Texas, was recovered in Area 24 in the eastern part of the site. The point is made from a very dark grayish-brown chert (22.3+ mm in length, 25.4 mm in width, 9.0 mm thick, and 18.2 mm stem width). Two Gary, var. Camden (see Schambach 1998) dart points (dating from ca. A.D. 200-700) were recovered and the other from a reddish-gray quartzite. The points range from 39.4-56.1 mm in length, 18.2-20.9 mm in width, and 5.7-8.1 mm in thickness; stem widths range from 12.1-13.9 mm.

Biface Preforms and Biface Fragments
There is a single light gray chert biface preform collected from Area 13, and a brown novaculite biface preform fragment in Surface Collection Area 18 at the southern part of the site (see Figure 4). This preform (discarded during dart point manufacture) is 23.2+ mm in length, 31.2 mm in width, and 8.4 mm in thickness. The tips to two different bifaces were recovered in Area 5 by Bois d'Arc Creek (see Figure 4). One is made from a light brown chert and the other from a dark grayish-brown chert. Another biface fragment (4.8 mm thick) was found in Area 9. It is made from a brown chert. the site. It is manufactured from a black chert and has steep bilateral retouch along one face. The fragment is 18.6+ mm in length, 20.2 mm in width, and 6.7 mm thick.   Figure 22. Distribution of drills, perforator, denticulate, and gouge in the surface collection areas at the Sanders site.

Ground Stone
A small siliceous shale (a Ouachita Mountains raw material, probably available in Red River gravels downstream from the Sanders site) celt was recovered in Area 5 in the southern part of the site. The bifacially worked celt is 56.6 mm in length, 38.0 mm in width, and 14.5 mm in thickness. One ground stone tool was collected in Area 29. It is a sandstone mano and 1-sided pitted stone 69 mm in length, 55 mm in width, and 38 mm in thickness.

Fire-cracked Rock
The piece was a local quartzite.

Ceramic Sherds and Chipped Stone Tools from the Sanders Site in TARL Collections
There are a number of artifact collections from non-mound contexts at the Sanders site held by TARL. The principal collection is the assemblage recovered in 1931 trenching by UT (Jackson et al. 2000;Krieger 1946) in midden deposits on an alluvial ridge between Mounds No. 1 (East Mound) and No. 2 (West Mound). The largest midden deposit was ca. 5.6 x 10 m in size, and extended to ca. 1.4 m bs (Pearce and Jackson 1931). TARL also holds collections by T. R. Baker, R. K. Harris (10 glass beads from the historic part of the site), Maude Neville (a turkey bone bead); W. A. Rikard, O. L. Crook, J. R. Sollberger, the National Park Service (Carl Steen), and Gary Sykes; this last collection of materials was apparently collected in the 1930s by J. R. Sollberger and Erwin Rubland from just north of Mound No. 2, and donated by Sykes to TARL in 1984. These collections are discussed together in this section.
The ceramic sherd collection from the Sanders site that were examined for this study includes 693 decorated sherds and 85 plain sherds, the latter primarily from an area north of Mound No. 2 (West Mound) (Table 11). About 77 percent of the sherds are from grog-tempered vessels, 17.1 percent are from bonedifferent from the decorated sherd assemblage in the 2014 surface collection areas, where 81 percent of the sherds are grog-tempered, 13 percent are bone-tempered, and 6 percent are shell-tempered (see Table 3).

Utility Wares
Two of the grog-tempered appliqued body sherds have a single appliqued node, while a third body sherd The one shell-tempered appliqued body sherd has a straight (probably vertical in orientation on the vessel body) appliqued ridge. One incised-appliqued rim sherd has diagonal opposed incised lines divided by a There is a grog-tempered body sherd from a vessel with overlapping brushing marks, and a second one with parallel brushing marks. The one brushed-incised body sherd is from a grog-tempered jar. The lower part of the vessel has parallel vertical sets of incised lines and a vertical hatched incised ladder that end at a single horizontal incised line at the rim-body juncture. Diagonal brushing marks underlie the sets of vertical incised lines.
One grog-tempered body sherd has possible corn cob impressions on its exterior surface. It appears that Sabine River basin in East Texas, and these jars may be related to the one corn cob impressed sherd in the Sanders site collection.
About 98 percent of the incised sherds are from vessels tempered with grog or bone; only 2 percent are from shell-tempered vessels (Table 12). The shell-tempered sherds may be from certain Emory Punctated-Incised vessels that have simple incised decorative elements on their bodies, but the one shell-tempered cross-hatched incised rim sherd is from a vessel of unknown type.  The majority of the grog-and bone-tempered incised sherds may be from Canton Incised vessels, especially those rim sherds with cross-hatched (Figure 25a), diagonal, and diagonal opposed (Figure 25b, d, f) decorative elements (see Table 12 and Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 12). These three decorative elements comprise 74 percent of the incised rims in the TARL collections from the Sanders site.
Secondary incised decorative elements include rim and body sherds with vertical incised lines and panels (n=13, 5.6 percent of the incised sherds, see Table 12), rims with sets of horizontal lines (n=5, 2.2 percent), and sets of horizontal lines with associated diagonal or diagonal opposed lines (n=5, 2.2 percent); these latter may be from Dunkin Incised vessels. Much less common incised decorative elements in the vessel lip (see Figure 25g).
In addition to the incised rim and body sherds, there is a partial grog-tempered vessel section with an incised decorative element. These are rim sherds from a Canton Incised jar with cross-hatched incised lines on the rim.
The sherds with incised-punctated decorative elements are only from vessels tempered with grog (82 percent) or bone (18 percent) (Table 13). In most cases, these sherds also appear to be from Canton Incised TARL collection are from such Canton Incised vessels.
Other probable Canton Incised vessel sherds from the site include a rim with cross-hatched lines above lines above a single row of punctations at the rim-body juncture (see Figure 26d), and a third rim with Jelks 1962:Plate 12i). A distinctive lower rim/body sherd from a utility ware vessel of unknown type has  The few lip notched rim sherds (n=6, 0.9 percent of the decorated sherds) are from a non-red-slipped variant of Sanders Plain (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:139). One of the two shell-tempered Nash Neck Banded rim sherds has six horizontal rows of neck bands on the rim and vertical appliqued ridges on the vessel body, while the other simply has horizontal neck bands.
The pinched body sherds have both straight and curvilinear pinched ridges. One grog-tempered body sherd from a Monkstown Fingernail Impressed jar has opposed pinched rows.
There are both grog-tempered (76.6 percent), bone-tempered (10.6 percent), and shell-tempered (12.8 percent) sherds with punctated decorative elements (Table 14). The shell-tempered sherds are from Emory percent of the punctated sherd sample, are from Monkstown Fingernail Impressed jars (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 55). The vessels decorated with either square to triangular tool or circular tool punctates may   Figure 27. Decorative elements on punctated rim and body sherds from the Sanders site.

Fine Wares
with engraved decorative elements; engraved bowl and carinated bowl sherds (some of which have redslipped surfaces) (Table 15) from a variety of types and with a diverse range of decorative elements; sherds from red-slipped vessels; and red-slipped sherds with appliqued or punctated decorative elements. These decorative elements. Engraved sherds from vessels with a red-slipped surface account for 9.4 percent of the grog-and bone-tempered sherds and 23.5 percent of the shell-tempered sherds.    L=left; R=right *includes 11 rim sherds with interior/exterior red-slipped surfaces and one lip notched rim **includes four rim sherds with interior/exterior red-slipped surfaces ***two sherds with exterior red-slipped surface +includes one rim with interior/exterior red-slipped surface ++one body sherd with interior/exterior red-slipped surface  Table 15).
brackets, sets of vertical lines, and curvilinear lines. These scroll decorative elements are very different from the scrolls noted on Womack Engraved carinated bowls (see below), and it is not clear if this particu-Late to Historic Caddo period settlement that is widely distributed at the Sanders site. For the moment, we Bois d'Arc Engraved vessels. stacked nested triangles (see Figure 29a), while the second rim has nested triangles (or widely spaced diagonal opposed lines) on a carinated bowl, with a small excised triangle at the apex of one triangle, along with a row of downward-pointing tick marks on a single horizontal engraved line underlying the lip (see Figure 29d).
Engraved (Figure 30d-e), and Simms Engraved vessels (Figure 31a-d; see also Table 15); one sherd is from an engraved bottle. Two of the Simms Engraved rim sherds are lip notched (see Table 15). These vessels  Table 15), although more than 97 percent of the Womack Engraved sherds in the TARL collections from the Sanders site are from grog-and bone-tempered vessels. There is one post-A.D. 1650 grog-tempered Patton Engraved body sherd in the Sanders site collection (see Table 15). It is either from a var. Freeman or var. Fair vessel that was likely made by an upper Neches River basin Caddo group (see Perttula 2011: Figure 6-66c-d).
There are 58 grog-and bone-tempered Womack Engraved rim and body sherds in the TARL collections; Womack Engraved rim sherds are about half as common as grog-and bone-tempered Sanders Engraved beginning in the latter part of the 17th early and extending into the early 18th century. The majority of the Womack Engraved sherds are from vessels with negative meandering scrolls with a central ticked line (or with the Bois d'Arc Engraved vessel sherds (see Figure 29c, e-f) as the scroll lines do not have tick marks- slanting scrolls and a line with tick marks (Figure 32i), and sherds with cross-hatched zones and circular elements, either with or without tick marks (Figure 32f, j). purchased from T. M. Sanders in 1931 by UT. In addition to the duck head applied to the interior side of the rim and that faces away from the vessel, the exterior surface of the rim is decorated with three broad horizontal engraved lines.
There are red-slipped rim and body sherds from all three tempered wares at the Sanders site, with grogtempered vessel sherds most common (70.3 percent) in the assemblage as a whole, followed by bone-tempered (24.1 percent), and shell-tempered (5.5 percent) ( Table 16). The grog and bone-tempered sherds are from Sanders Plain vessels. The shell-tempered sherds may be from red-slipped Avery Engraved bottles and Clement Redware bowls. The proportion of engraved to red-slipped sherds in the grog-tempered wares is 1.6:1, compared to 0.8:1 for the bone-tempered wares, and 2.1:1 for the shell-tempered wares from the site; the proportion of The grog-and bone-tempered red-slipped bottle sherds (n=40) are likely from Maxey Noded Redware bottles (see Table 16). The remainder of the red-slipped sherds (n=97) are from Sanders Plain bowls and carinated bowls. Two of the rim sherds have either a scalloped or thickened lip. from the Sanders site are from Maxey Noded Redware vessels, both appliqued and punctated varieties (Suhm and Jelks 1962:101 and Plate 51c-d). These sherds are red-slipped on the exterior surface and have rows of small punctations (n=4) excised through the red-slipped surface (Figure 33a-b). The one red-slipped/ appliqued sherd has a red slip on both interior and exterior surfaces, as well as an appliqued handle on its exterior surface.

Spindle Whorl
A plain grog-tempered base sherd has a centrally-drilled hole in it, indicating it was used as a spindle whorl.

Lithic Artifacts
The Steen collection from the Sanders site has several chipped stone tools, almost all made on Ouachita Mountains chert. This includes three Woodland period Gary dart points (quartzite, n=2 and chert, n=1), six triangular Maud or Fresno arrow points (chert, n=4, quartzite, n=1, novaculite, n=1), 15 end and side scrapers (all chert), one dark gray chert beveled knife tip, and two dark gray chert bifacial drills. Another collection (Lot 13) from the Sanders site has 12 Maud or Fresno arrow points and two arrow point preforms; they are made on Ouachita Mountains cherts.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION COLLECTIONS FROM THE SANDERS SITE
The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) at the Smithsonian Institution has two collections of artifacts from the Sanders site: the R. King Harris and Joseph Long collections. Some of the artifacts from the Harris collection are from burial contexts (Harris's numbering system indicated that he excavated six burials at the Sanders site), but otherwise we presume the artifacts were collected from the surface of various areas at the site. There is no information available on the intra-site provenience of any of the artifacts in these two collections.

Ceramic Vessels
tempered Canton Incised jar with two lug handles from Burial 1. The rim has sets of opposed incised triangles incised-punctated triangles to the rim-body juncture ( Figure 34). The jar is 11.8 cm in height, with a 10.9 The second whole vessel is a repaired and restored grog-tempered red-slipped Sanders Plain bowl with -

Ceramic Sherds
The analysis of the ceramic sherds from the Sanders site in the NMNH collection focused on the decorated sherds (n=265), except for a small sample of plain rim sherds (Table 17). About 68 percent of the sherds are from grog-tempered vessels; another 13 percent are from bone-tempered vessels; and about 19 percent are from shell-tempered vessels. Among the 265 decorated sherds, 42 percent are from utility wares, Utility ware Utility ware sherds account for only 41 percent of the decorated sherds in this assemblage from the Sanders site. The most common decorative methods represented in the utility wares include sherds from percent) vessels (see Table 17). Fine wares comprise 59 percent of the decorated sherds, divided between engraved (62.8 percent), red-slipped (30.1 percent), and trailed (7.0 percent); the abundance of sherds from red-slipped vessels (grog-and bone-tempered as well as shell-tempered) is notable (see Table 17). Sherds from vessels with trailed decorative elements (i.e., Keno Trailed) are disproportionally from shell-tempered vessels (54.5 percent of the trailed sherds).

Incised-Punctated
with tool punctates Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 50 (2015) 57 The appliqued sherds (see Table 18) are likely from the rim and body of both grog-bone and shelltempered varieties of Nash Neck Banded. The appliqued elements occur on both the rim and the vessel body, (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:111). Neck banded rim and body sherds comprise almost 19 percent of the utility wares in the NMNH collections, divided between grog-(48 percent of the neck banded sherds), bone-(9.5 percent), and shell-tempered (43 percent) wares (see Table 18).
The appliqued-punctated sherd is from a different type than Nash Neck Banded, perhaps an Emory Punctated-Incised jar. In this case, the rim of the vessel has rows of tool punctates and the vessel body is The brushed and corn cob impressed sherds account for only 2.7 percent of the utility wares in the NMNH collections from the Sanders site. It is likely that these sherds are from Titus phase trade vessels, from a Caddo group living in the upper Sabine River basin, as utility ware jars with these decorative elements (i.e., Bullard Brushed and Anglin Corn Cob Impressed) were regularly manufactured in that part of East Texas. However, brushing is noted on Historic Caddo Emory Punctated-Incised vessels from East Texas (Story et al. 1967:137). These wares are probably associated with the latest Caddo occupation at the Sanders site.
Incised sherds comprise 26 percent of the utility wares, and incised sherds are the most common utility ware in these collections (see Table 18). With the exception of one shell-tempered incised sherd (probably from an Emory Punctated-Incised vessel, see Story et al. 1967:137), the other sherds with incised decorations in the NMNH collections are from grog-and bone-tempered vessels (see Table 18). These are primarily from Canton Incised vessels, primarily jars (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 12), with diagonal and cross-hatched incised lines on the rim. Rims with horizontal and horizontal-diagonal incised decorative elements may be from both Davis Incised and Dunkin Incised vessels (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plates 18 and 19).
The few incised-punctated sherds (4.5 percent of the utility wares in the NMNH collections) from the with tool punctations, from a Canton Incised vessel (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 12d, h), others with The most intriguing incised-punctated sherd in the NMNH collection is a large lower rim sherd from a carinated bowl (see Figure 35d). This rim has sets of near vertical incised lines, with opposed sets of semiparticular vessel is part of the Sanders phase ceramic assemblage at the site, it may well be a late variety of Crockett Curvilinear Incised or Pennington Punctated-Incised.
The different utility ware decorative methods and elements are all represented by sherds from vessels tempered with either grog or bone (see Table 18). However, among the shell-tempered utility wares, known to be among the latest ceramics made and used at the site, the decorative elements only include appliqued (20.8 percent), and tool punctated (16.7 percent) elements.
wares (see Table 17); this proportion is not much different from the other analyzed collections from the red-slipped surfaces (31 percent), and sherds with trailed designs (7 percent) (Table 19).
There are a number of grog-and bone-tempered engraved sherds in the NMNH collections from the  Grog-and bone-tempered sherds with engraved scroll elements-previously dubbed Bois d'Arc En- Table 19). These sherds are from carinated bowls with slanted scrolls that typically have a slanted scroll central line (one rim has a ticked central scroll line [ Figure 37b] and may be stylistically related to Womack Engraved carinated bowls with inverted rims (see Table 19). Regardless of temper, they comprise almost percent of the Womack Engraved sherds in this collection are from grog-and bone-tempered vessels.
horizontal lines with pendant excised triangles (Figure 40b-c), concentric curvilinear lines (Figure 40a), a slanted scroll (Figure 40g), a rim with a diagonal hatched zone (Figure 40e), and sherds with curvilinear cross-hatched and hatched zones (Figure 40d, f). One rim also has a vertical engraved line with excised tick marks (Figure 40f).
About 85 percent of the red-slipped sherds (from bottles and bowls) are from grog-and bone-tempered Sanders Plain vessels, or the undecorated portions of Maxey Noded Redware vessels (see Table 19). The remaining 15 percent are from shell-tempered Clement Redware vessels or the undecorated portions of redslipped shell-tempered engraved vessels (i.e., Avery Engraved).
in the NMNH collections from the Sanders site (see Table 19). These vessels have sets of curvilinear and curvilinear opposed trailed lines, sometimes ending in sets of hooked arms (Figure 41a-d).     from red-slipped sherds are quite commonly from bone-tempered vessels (23.4 percent of the red-slipped sherds are from bone-tempered vessels).

Ceramic Pipes and Pipe Sherds
Ceramic pipe sherds are relatively common in the Sanders site assemblage. There are both long-stemmed and bone-tempered Red River pipe sherds (11 pipe stems) as well as complete elbow pipes and pipe sherds. The Red River style pipe sherds are from both bone-tempered 64 percent) and grog-tempered (36 percent) pipes. Two pipe sherds are from the butt end of var. Haley Red River styles pipes (see Hoffman 1967). The pipe stem sherds range from 6.3-14.0 mm in exterior diameter.
There is one large rim and body sherd from a grog-tempered elbow pipe that is decorated with a crosshatched engraved zone on the bowl itself ( Figure 42a). Another elbow pipe, bone-tempered, is undecorated; elbow pipe ( Figure 42c) has four cross-hatched engraved triangles on the bowl; the pipe is 29 mm in height, Figure 42. Elbow pipes from the Sanders site NMNH collections: a, c, engraved elbow pipes; b, plain elbow pipe; d-d', engraved elbow pipe (after Harris 1953:20).
Another elbow pipe (A513196), found south of the mounds at Sanders in an area with glass beads, triangular arrow points, and other evidence of an Historic Caddo settlement, is decorated on the upper part of the bowl (see Figure 42d-d') with engraved elements. The upper part of the decoration is a narrow zone of cross-hatched engraved lines; pendant from the bottom of this zone are a series of cross-hatched engraved triangles whose a 27.0 mm stem diameter. On the front of the stem, below the bowl, is a small drilled hole (see Figure 42d'); the hole may have been used as an attachment for "feathers or other forms of decoration" (Harris 1953:20).

Stone Pipe Sherds
clay material (see Emerson and Hughes 2000;Emerson et al. 2003). The other is a light gray siltstone elbow those found in burials at the Sanders site (see Jackson et al. 2000:53).

Catlinite Pipe Sherd
A small piece of the rim of a Catlinite pipe bowl (7.3 mm in thickness) is in the NMNH collections from the Sanders site. It has a single deep horizontal line engraved under the bowl lip. This pipe is evidence that the Caddo peoples who lived at the Sanders site in the late 17th-early 18th century participated in calumet ceremonialism (e.g., Rodning 2014) during a time of early European colonialism in the Caddo area. The Catlinite pipe fragment from the Sanders site may be the farthest west of such pipes in eastern North America (see Rodning 2014: Figure 1).

Chipped Stone Tools
The large assemblage of chipped stone tools in the NMNH collections from the Sanders site include dart points (n=49), arrow points (n=380) and arrow point preforms (n=4), bifacial knives and large blades (n=3), beveled knives (n=5), bi-pointed knives (n=3), scrapers (n=72), one adze, drills/perforators (n=3) and stone tools are made from local cherts from Red River cherts; the original source of these cherts is in the Ouachita Mountains of Southeast Oklahoma.
The dart points from the Sanders site are dominated by Woodland period (ca. 500 B.C.-A.D. 700) Gary points (Table 20), along with other point types that appear to also date to the earlier part of the Woodland period (i.e., Darl, Kent, and Trinity); the calibrated age range of Darl dart points is 1350-1150 B.P. (Lohse et al. 2014). There are only three dart points that may be Late Archaic forms in this dart point assemblage More than 77 percent of the dart points in the NMNH Sanders site collection are manufactured from high-quality Ouachita Mountains cherts (see Table 20); these materials would have been available in local Red River gravels, along with novaculite. Novaculite was used in the manufacture of only 8 percent of the dart points from the Sanders site; a similar amount of the arrow points were made from local quartzite.
More than 71 percent of the arrow points from the Sanders site in the NMNH collections are triangular Maud or Fresno arrow points (Table 21). These are likely part of the extensive late 17th-early 18th century occupation at the Sanders site. Other associated arrow points in this component include the Cuney and points in the NMNH assemblage. These points are made from high-quality Ouachita Mountains cherts (84 percent), novaculite (14 percent), and quartzite (2 percent). The earliest arrow points in the assemblage, perhaps dating between ca. A.D. 900-1100, include the Alba, Homan/Colbert, and Scallorn types; they comprise 10 percent of the arrow point assemblage. It is also possible, however, that the Scallorn points represent part of a ca. A.D. 700-900 Woodland period use of the Sanders site, since calibrated radiocarbon dates indicate that Scallorn arrow points began to be made at ca. A.D. 700 (see Lohse et al. 2014). With respect to the use of lithic raw materials, these Early Caddo point types were made from Ouachita Mountains chert (83 percent), novaculite (14 percent), and local earth-toned chert (3 percent). The use of Ouachita Mountains chert and novaculite in the Early Caddo point assemblage is virtually identical to the assemblage of Late-Historic Caddo arrow points (see Table 21).
The remainder of the stemmed arrow points in this Sanders site collection (including Bonham, Hayes, Keota, and Sequoyah types, see Table 21) may be associated with the Middle Caddo Sanders phase occupation, and thus would date from ca. A.D. 1100-1300 (this is the current estimate of the age of the phase, although the Sanders phase is currently not well dated). These points comprise only 8 percent of the typo-Caddo point types were made from Ouachita Mountains chert (89 percent) and novaculite (11 percent). The use of Ouachita Mountains chert and novaculite in the Middle Caddo point assemblage is comparable to the assemblages of both Early Caddo and Late-Historic Caddo arrow points at the Sanders site (see Table 21).
The large bifacial knives and blades are made from cherts, including Ouachita Mountains chert (n=2), and a dark gray Central Texas chert (n=1). This latter large blade is 143 x 58 x 11 mm in length, width, and thickness ( Figure 43c). The bifacially worked beveled knives (Figure 43a) are made from local quartzite (n=2), Ouachita Mountains quartzite (n=1), and Ouachita Mountains cherts (n=2). All three of the narrow bi-pointed knives (Figure 43b) are manufactured on Ouachita Mountains cherts; two are bifacially worked.
There are numerous end, side, and end-side scrapers in the Sanders site collection at the NMNH (Table  22). Side scraper comprise 57 percent of the scrapers, and 36 percent of the side scrapers have bilateral retouched/use worn areas. More than 94 percent of the scrapers are made from high quality Ouachita Mountains cherts that are available in Red River gravels (see Table 22). The remainder are made from novaculite (4 percent) and a local coarse-grained quartzite (1 percent).
There is a bifacially worked adze in the NMNH collections from the Sanders site that is made of a Ouachita Mountains brownish-gray chert. The chipped stone adze is 26 x 20.5 x 8.0 mm in length, width, and thickness.

Ground Stone Tools and Ornaments
Ground stone tools from the Sanders site include several celts (Figure 44a-b) or celt fragments and slate gorgets. The six celts (A570667, A513224) are made from Ouachita Mountains greenstone (n=4), siliceous shale, and quartzite. These celts have polished bifacial bits. One of the celts was a funerary object in Burial 1. Other ground stone tools in the collection include abraders and a mano. Figure 44. Ground stone tools and ornaments from the Sanders site in the NMNH collections: a-b, celts; c, gorget.
One slate gorget was collected by Harris (1953:19) from the eastern part of the Sanders site. It has two suspension holes drilled in the center of the piece (see Figure 44c). There is a fragment of another slate gorget (A513250) in the collection.

Pieces of Cooper and Turquoise
x 10 x 7 mm in length, width, and thickness), probably from the Cerrillos Hills source in north central New Mexico (Hull et al. 2014: Figure 1). Jurney and Young (1995:23 and Figure 6) note that a small turquoise bead, a pendant, and a piece of raw turquoise had been collected from the surface of the Sanders site by the at the Sanders site. There is also a 12 x 7 x 4 mm piece of copper (from the Great Lakes or the Appalachian Mountains) in the collection (A570668).

Bone Tools and Bone Beads
awl fragments (Figure 45a-c); there are also three burned bone awl tips. There is also a bi-pointed polished bone awl or needle that is 105.5 mm in length, 6.0 mm in width, and 4.5 mm in thickness (Figure 45d), as The collection also has two bison scapula hoe fragments (A513239).
A few tubular and cut bone beads are in the Sanders site collections. These range from 20-31 mm in length and 4-6 mm in diameter (n=5) to 12-14 mm in length and 7-8 mm in diameter (n=2).

Marine Shell Items
Marine shell items in the Sanders site collection at the NMNH include three large (7-10 mm in diameter) conch shell beads, and four Olivella sp. shell beads (11-12 mm in length and 5-6 mm in diameter). About 50 conch shell beads were placed as funerary offerings in Burial 6 at the Sanders site excavated by Harris. There is also a small cut marine shell pendant about 31.9 mm in length, 9.9 mm in width, and 4.0 mm in thickness (Figure 46a), and two gorget fragments.

Mussel Shell Items
One mussel shell artifact is a cut piece of a mussel shell saw (see Figure 46b). The fragment is 34 mm in length and 3.5 mm in thickness. There are also three (8-11 mm in diameter) large pearl beads in the collection

European Trade Goods
(A513220). It is made from a dark grayish-brown chert and has edge trimming on all four sides of the piece.

Kettle
There is one folded and cut piece of a cupreous kettle fragment in the Long collection (A570669); it 1.1 mm in thickness. The rim of another kettle is in the Harris collection (A513256).

Other Trade Goods
Other European trade goods in the NMNH collection from the Sanders site include brass tinklers (n=8), a one Real (1759-1788) Spanish coin, four iron spikes, and 50+ white and blue glass beads. The glass beads were strung on a necklace worn by the individual excavated by Harris that he referred to as Burial 2.

Trade Pipe
Two white ball clay pipe sherds was found in the historic area at the Sanders site by Harris (1953:20). The bowl of one of the pipe sherds has the modeled head of a sheep or lamb.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Sanders site (41LR2) is an expansive ancestral Caddo settlement on an alluvial terrace landform is best known for the series of single and multiple Caddo burials excavated in 1931 by The University of Texas from Mound No. 1 (East Mound) (Jackson et al. 2000;Krieger 1946), but it was understood even at that time that there were extensive habitation archaeological deposits at the site, although how these were related to Caddo mound construction, burial interments, and other mound uses had not been considered in any detail. The archaeological investigations reported on herein hope to change that perspective, because our focus has been on the character of the material culture remains found in trenching and extensive surface collections in non-mound contexts at the site, based on (1) Krieger 1946).
The recovered artifacts from the various analyzed assemblages collected from the Sanders site indicate that the site was occupied as early as the Late Archaic period, but there is a more substantial Woodland peancestral Caddo components apparent in non-mound contexts is part of the Middle Caddo period Sanders phase occupation (estimated to date from ca. A.D. 1100-1300) best known through excavations in Mounds No. 1 and No. 2. Although there is some doubt concerning the temporal extent of the last ancestral Caddo occupation at the Sanders site, our best temporal estimate is that it dates from the late 17th century to ca. A.D. 1740.

Characteristics of the Material Culture Assemblage from the Sanders Site
The material culture assemblage from the non-mound areas at the Sanders site is dominated by sherds -In a database of 390 ceramic sherd assemblages from across East Texas (Perttula n.d.), only six assemblages from the Sanders site. Four of these six assemblages are in the upper Sabine River basin and have components generally contemporaneous with, and stylistically comparable to, the late 17th-early 18th occupation at the Sanders site. The two remaining assemblages include an 18th century occupation at an East Texas mission (41SA25) and a late 17th century Titus phase occupation associated with a cemetery (41TT13).
were not primarily made and used for mound rituals and ceremonies, and were not primarily included as funerary offerings with individuals interred in Mounds No. 1 and No. 2 at the site (cf. Krieger 1946).
23). Most of these sherds are from Canton Incised and Monkstown Fingernail Impressed vessels that are part of the Middle Caddo period, Sanders phase, occupation at the site. Lip notched Sanders Plain sherds, the pinched sherds, and the various incised-punctated sherds, can also be included with the Sanders phase collections (see Table 23), are part of the late 17th-18th century Caddo occupation, one with both grog/bonetempered Womack Engraved and shell-tempered Avery Engraved, Hudson Engraved, and Simms Engraved tempered scroll engraved sherds (i.e., Bois d'Arc Engraved) are likely also part of this ceramic assemblage, given their stylistic similarity to certain Womack Engraved decorative motifs, but further work is warranted to establish its temporal relationship with certainty.
The manufacture of red-slipped vessels was common in both the Sanders phase and late 17th-early 18th century components, although the earlier red-slipped vessels were grog-and bone-tempered (Sanders Plain) while the later red-slipped sherds were from shell-tempered Clement Redware vessels. The few red-slippedpunctated sherds (0.6 percent, see Table 23) are from the punctated variety of Maxey Noded Redware vessels.
Most of the sherds from the ceramic vessels made and used at the Sanders site were tempered with grog or crushed sherds (Table 24), with a secondary use of crushed and burned bone and crushed and burned mussel shell. The shell-tempered vessel sherds are part of the late 17th-early 18th century Caddo occupation, while the use of grog and bone temper for vessel manufacture characterizes both the Sanders phase and late 17th-early 18th century Caddo settlements. This presents a considerable if not virtually insurmountable challenge at the present time in sorting out the entire grog-and bone-tempered plain and decorated sherd assemblage (at least the utility wares anyway) by component. There are two forms of ceramic pipes and pipe sherds in the Sanders site material culture assemblage from non-mound contexts. The earlier form, associated with the Middle Caddo period occupation, is the Haley variety of long-stemmed Red River pipe. Long-stemmed ceramic pipes were also among the grave goods in Burials 6 and 8 in Mound No. 1 at Sanders (see Jackson et al. 2000:62, 68). The later form, part of the Historic Caddo period occupation, is the elbow pipe form. This form occurs in both plain (with a rounded elbow or lower stem) and engraved (with a stem spur) styles. The engraved elbow pipes have cross-hatched zone decorative elements as well as cross-hatched triangle elements (see Figure 42); these decorative elements are stylistically related to certain engraved motifs on Womack Engraved vessels. A sherd from a siliceous stone pipe is present in the King Harris collection from the Sanders site, along with a sherd from the bowl of a Catlinite pipe, and an L-shaped stone pipe was a funerary offering in Burial 1 (see Jackson et al. 2000:53).
Chipped stone and ground stone tools in the Sanders site collections are dominated by high-quality gray, dark brown, dark gray, very dark gray, and black Ouachita Mountains cherts that were collected in local Red River gravels. Other Ouachita Mountains lithic raw materials that were used by ancestral peoples included novaculite (also well represented in the chipped stone tools), a greenish-gray Atoka Formation quartzite, slate, greenstone, and siliceous shale. Local raw materials in the tool assemblage and collected lithic debris includes Ogallala quartzite and earth-toned cherts. of 9.4:1 (Table 25). That there are only Late Archaic (ca. 5000-2500 years B.P.) and Woodland period (ca. 2500-1150 B.P.) dart points in the extensive Sanders site collections is probably an indication of the age of the Red River alluvial terrace landform that was occupied by aboriginal peoples rather than that earlier Archaic and Paleoindian groups were not using and foraging in this part of the Red River basin. Gary dart points-the classic marker for the Woodland period in East Texas-is by far the most common Woodland period dart point style in the dart point assemblage (Table 25). Furthermore, more than 92 percent of the Of the earlier stemmed arrow point styles represented in the collections from the Sanders site, the Alba, Bonham (also found in burial contexts, see Jackson et al. 2000, Burial 2, Burial 4, and Burial 5 materials), Hayes, and Scallorn types are most common (see Table 25); similar corner-notched and expanding stem arrow points were recovered in Burials 4, 5, and 19 in Mound No. 1 at Sanders (see Jackson et al. 2000). The late 17th-early 18th century arrow points at the Sanders site include the Cuney, Washita, and triangular row points in the collection (see Table 25). One side-notched arrow point resembling a Washita point was recovered in Burial 14 in Mound No. 1 (see Jackson et al. 2000:78). the 2014 investigations. There are end scrapers, side scrapers with one or two working edges, and end-side scrapers. Other chipped stone tools from the site include drills, bi-pointed drills (also found in Middle Caddo period burials at the site, Burial 1, see Jackson et al. 2000:53), perforators, a denticulate, gouges, adzes, beveled knives and bi-pointed knives, and a large Central Texas biface blade.
Ground stone tools in the assemblage are less varied than the chipped stone tools. They include celts (also found in Middle Caddo Burial 12, see Jackson et al. 2000), slate gorgets, abraders, and mano/pitted stones.
There are also several kinds of bone tools in the TARL and NMNH collections from the Sanders site, including awls, needles, and bison scapula hoes; such hoes were found in Burial 20 as well as midden contexts at the site (see Jackson et al. 2000:67, 78-79). Bone awls are also found in Middle Caddo burials (Burials 6 and 9), and a bone needle was one of the grave goods in Burial 18 at the Sanders site (see Jackson et al. 2000:62, 69, and 85).
There are also marine shell and mussel shell artifacts from surface contexts in settlement areas at the Sanders site. These include marine shell pendants, shell gorgets, conch shell beads (from Burial 6 excavated by R. King Harris at the site), Olivella sp. beads, pearl beads, mussel shell hoes, scrapers, and a mussel shell saw. It is suspected, although it cannot be demonstrated on the basis of available evidence, that these marine shell and mussel shell artifacts are associated with the Middle Caddo period occupation at Sanders, given the abundance of marine shell beads (n=5203), conch shell dippers and whole conch shells (n=5), pendants and discs (n=16), and gorgets (n=22) in burials of that age at the site (see Jackson et al. 2000:40-49).

Late Archaic and Woodland Period components
The Sanders site was not heavily used by aboriginal peoples during the Late Archaic and Woodland periods. The evidence for occupation during these periods, between ca. 5000 B.P. and ca. 1150 B.P., is limited to (at present) various dart points and biface preforms (discarded before dart points could be completed). The fact that Gary points are by far the most common dart point type in the assemblage (see Table 25) indicates that the Sanders site was used by aboriginal peoples more often during the Woodland period, perhaps primarily for hunting activities, than during the preceding Late Archaic period.

Middle Caddo Period component
The Middle Caddo period component at the Sanders site represents the type site of the Sanders phase Krieger focused on the burials and funerary offerings excavated in Mound No. 1 (East Mound) by UT in 1931, as well as artifacts recovered in the midden deposits in Mound No. 1 and the saddle between Mounds No. 1 and No. 2. Krieger (1946:201) noted that "the surface collections are almost wholly distinct from the grave and midden artifacts, and represent other known culture complexes;" these materials are part of the late 17th-early 18th century component discussed in this article.
The Middle Caddo period component in non-mound contexts is extensive, indicating that there was a substantial population living at the Sanders site and that the site was not simply a mound center and cemetery for the burial of high status individuals in Mound No. 1. The ceramic assemblage that can be associated with this component, which is estimated (roughly) to date from ca. A.D. 1100-1300 (see Bruseth 1998), includes Engraved, Sanders Plain, and Maxey Noded Redware. There are also long-stemmed Red River clay pipes, and Alba, Bonham, and Hayes arrow points (see Table 25).

Late 17th-Early 18th Century component
ancestral Caddo occupation at the Sanders site. These materials have been found in at least one burial excavated by R. King Harris, as well as from surface contexts in occupation areas well south of the two mounds and from Burial 2 excavated by King Harris), metal kettle pieces, white ball clay trade pipe sherds, brass tinklers, a 1774 Spanish coin (obviously from what may have been the latest ancestral Caddo occupation of the site), and iron spikes. Aboriginal materials thought to be associated with these European trade goods include the many triangular arrow points (Maud-Fresno) in the collections, as well as probably most of the scraping tools. The abundance of hunting tools and scrapers at the Sanders site strongly suggests that the Caddo inhabitants were heavily invested in the procurement and processing of hides (deer and bison) for the burgeoning fur trade. Also included in the material culture assemblage for this component are plain and decorated elbow pipes along with the well-represented plain and decorated shell-tempered pottery-includ-Hudson Engraved, and Simms Engraved, as well as Clement Redware-and the grog-and bone-tempered perhaps also TL dates on diagnostic decorated ceramic sherds recovered in controlled subsurface contexts, are very much needed to establish the beginning age of this component, as it is important to determine if this occupation by Caddo peoples had already been established at the site prior to the appearance and their adoption of European trade goods, as well as how long this occupation was in place before it was abandoned.

FUTURE PROSPECTS
With the permission of the Crawford family, further archaeological research at the Sanders site is planned to better understand its intra-site character, the nature of each of the surface artifact clusters, and the age range of the principal ancestral Caddo occupations. As it stands at the moment, this archaeological research will consist of several inter-related parts: • the completion of an extensive geophysical survey (i.e., primarily utilizing the magnetometer) of the habitation areas at the site, with the purpose of identifying geophysical anomalies that can be correlated with ancestral Caddo structures, midden deposits, other kinds of cultural features, and any courtyard/plaza areas; • Such surface collections will bolster the sample sizes of the material culture assemblages from the and temporal character; • sess their subsurface archaeological character and identify midden deposits below the plow zone, as well as determine the potential for cultural features to be preserved in the different artifact clusters; • having a good potential for cultural feature preservation and abundant ancestral Caddo material culture remains, including animal bone and plant remains. These excavations will be designed to identify cultural features in the archaeological deposits, thus shedding light on the occupational character of the surface artifact clusters; recover controlled samples of material culture remains in the archaeological deposits; and obtain dateable organic remains from known archaeological contexts at the site for AMS radiocarbon dating of ancestral Caddo habitation areas at the Sanders site.