The Caddo Archaeology of the San Pedro Creek Valley, Houston County, in East Texas

Repository Citation Perttula, Timothy K.; Nelson, Bo; Schniebs, LeeAnna; and Walters, Mark (2016) "The Caddo Archaeology of the San Pedro Creek Valley, Houston County, in East Texas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2016 , Article 46. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.46 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/46


Introduction
The Nabedache Caddo that lived on San Pedro Creek in Houston County in the East Texas Piney oods i ure ere a ro inent nation durin the early years o Euro ean contact ro ca i not later Their villa es ha lets and ar steads sat astride an abori inal Caddo trail that came to be known as El Camino Real de los Tejas, and thus their community was a principal gateway to Europeans and other Native American tribes who came from the west in Spanish Texas to meet with the Tejas or Hasinai Caddo peoples The rst Spanish mission in East Texas was established amidst the Nabedache Caddo community in eddle igure The location of San Pedro Creek sites in East Texas San Pedro de los Nabedachos According to Swanton , Nabedache means the place of the thorny trees with black berries growing on them (beidatco The Na is the Caddo language locative pre x meaning the place of it can also refer to the people residing at that place (Chafe Rogers and Sabo ( indicate that Nabedache means "blackberry place." The archaeology of the Nabedache Caddo, or that of their pre-A.D. ancestors, is not well understood, primarily because of the dearth of intensive investigations at a range of Nabedache Caddo sites that likely occur along San Pedro Creek as well as nearby streams in the Neches River basin. Work that has been completed, primarily on sites at Mission Tejas State Park, have included surveys and limited test excavations at a few sites (see summary in Perttula and Nelson that have Caddo material culture remains (sherds from ceramic vessels, chipped stone tools, etc.) and European trade goods, including glass beads, gun ints, lead balls and sprue, an iron hoe, an iron rowel, a possible strike-alight, an iron gun cock, trigger plate, butt plate nial, and gun barrel fragments, iron cast iron kettle fragments, iron knife fragments, wrought iron nails, brass tinklers, and Spanish majolica sherds (Perttula and Nelson -). n this article, discuss the archaeological material culture remains from ancestral Caddo sites along San Pedro Creek, including those known to have been occupied by the Nabedache Caddo peoples after the mid-s.

Historical Context
When the Caddo ndian peoples living in East Texas were rst visited by Europeans in , the remnants of the De Soto entrada ( ruseth and enmotsu ) described to chroniclers that the Caddo in East Texas lived in scattered but dispersed settlements with abundant food reserves of corn. The entrada moved along pre-existing east-west and north-south Caddo trails through East Texas, and from Hasinai Caddo groups in the Neches-Angelina River basins to Cadohadacho groups on the Red River ( Figure 2). The east-west aboriginal trail in most particulars became subsumed within the later East Texas portions of the El Camino Real de los Tejas rst established by the Spanish in the late th century (Weddle 2 2 -2 Williams 2 Figure ).
Archaeological investigations carried out in East Texas since the early 2 th century con rm that Caddo communities were widely dispersed throughout all of the major and minor river valleys of the region. The most intensive settlement of the region may have been after ca. A.D.
, especially in the Neches-Angelina River basin (Story ). y the mid-s, the Hasinai Caddo peoples of East Texas were referred to by the Spanish as the "Great Kingdom of the Tejas" because they were considered to be a populous and well-governed people.
When Europeans began to venture into East Texas in the s and s, the territory of the various Hasinai Caddo tribes became well understood (see erlandier ackson R. H. ackson 2 ). The area known to have been occupied by the Caddo in the late th century was also called "Tejas" by the Spanish, while the French called the Caddo in this area the "Cenis" (Figure 3). The Nabedache Caddo villages on San Pedro Creek were the principal entranceway to the lands of the Hasinai Caddo tribes that lived in the Neches and Angelina River basins, and one of the routes of the Camino Real-El Camino Real de los Tejas-came to and through this place from the late th to the early th century (Corbin Cunningham 2 ). According to Weddle (2 2 2) The Spanish rst focused their interest on the Nabedaches with a short-lived mission in , for it was among the Nabedaches that a Salle s remnant had appeared, just a few years previously, as it sought a path to the Mississippi. Thus, the amorphous Camino Real rst directed itself toward the Nabedache village, situated between the Trinity and Neches Rivers. eginning in , missionary endeavors would be directed at other tribes of the Caddoan [sic] confederacies as well.
In historic times, the archaeology of the Hasinai Caddo groups is associated with the Allen phase (ca. A.D. -early s). "The Allen phase is believed to have developed out of the Frankston phase [ca. A.D. -], and more importantly, to have shared the same form of organi ation, kinds of inter-group interaction,  The Nouidiches or Nabedache lived on San Pedro Creek near its con uence with the Neches River. and settlement patterns" (Story and Creel 2 3 ). The groups who during the Allen phase occupied the Neches (the Rio aux Cenis) and Angelina river basins were direct ancestors of the Hasinai tribes (see Figure 3) who were living in or near the Spanish missions that had been periodically established and maintained in the region between ca.
-3 , and they continued to live there until the 3 s (see ackson Plate ).
Story and Creel ( 2 32) have suggested that the Allen phase populations were organi ed in a "weakly hierarchical structure" analogous to the Hasinai confederacy (see Swanton 2). Allen phase components are found in the Neches and Angelina River basins in Cherokee, Anderson, Houston, Rusk, and Nacogdoches counties (Erickson and Corbin Middlebrook 2 Perttula and Nelson 2 Story 2,). These Historic Caddo sites contain small amounts of European trade goods found in village contexts, along with a variety of decorated and plain Caddo ceramic wares, triangular and unstemmed arrow points, elbow pipes, ground stone tools, and bone tools. Most Allen phase sites were apparently occupied for only short periods of time, perhaps an average of 2 to years (Good 2 -).
Allen phase Caddo communities were apparently composed of many farmsteads spread out over a considerable distance. In , in the community of Nabedache Caddo on San Pedro Creek in Houston County (see Figure 3), Henri Joutel noted that: we took the path to the village where the Indians conducted us to the chief s hut which was a long league s distance from the entrance to the village. n the way, we passed several huts that were grouped in hamlets there were seven or eight of them, each with twelve to fteen huts together with space between each other and elds around the huts (Foster :2 ).
Individual Hasinai Caddo families lived in their farmsteads, and a number of farmsteads were organi ed into rancherias spread out over about -3 leagues (ca. 3 -miles) of stream valleys and arable lands. Each rancheria was separated from the others by unoccupied lands and hunting territory (Foster :2 ).
The Spanish were determined to have effective control of the East Texas lands, thus minimi ing the French in uence, and bring missions to the Caddo peoples (R. H. [2][3]. etween and , the Spanish established a number of missions among the Hasinai Caddo in East Texas, with most of them situated in the middle of Caddo communities and along what became the Camino Real de los Tejas (Figures -). Despite the efforts of the missionaries, the Caddo refused to congregate in the vicinity of the missions, and no Caddo peoples were converted to Christianity baptisms "were administered to [Caddo] people who had died or were dying, half of whom were children" (Wade 2 : 2).
ne of these missions was Mission San Francisco de los Tejas ( -3) on San Pedro Creek a few miles from its con uence with the Neches River. This mission has never been found, but then again there has not been a concerted archaeological, archival, and historical investigation of the San Pedro Creek valley to identify the site and the surrounding Nabedache Caddo community (see Weddle et al. 2 ).
Delisle s map of 2 (see Figure 3) shows that the westernmost Caddo groups (the Cenis) were living on and near the Neches River, west of the Neches on San Pedro Creek. In the 2 s-s, the Hainai Caddo lived to the east on the Angelina River (see Figure 4), while the Nadaco and Nasoni were in communities to the north and west-apparently above the Camino Real-and a series of Cenis or Hasinai communities were along the western boundaries of their territory. The San Pedro or Nabedache Caddo were living east of the Trinity River and west of the Neches River (see Figure 4). At these times, Spanish missionaries were living in the midst of certain Caddo peoples at Mission Nuestra Senora de los Nacogdoches and Mission Nuestra Senora de Ais (see Figure ). A map by Jose de rrutia show Caddo groups living north and west of these two missions (see Figure ). The missions at Nacogdoches and Ais were abandoned in 2 and 3, respectively.
Because of the regular outbreaks of epidemics among the East Texas Caddo, especially outbreaks at the Spanish settlement of Nacogdoches in the late s and early s, Caddo populations declined precipitously through the colonial era (Table ). Caddo groups moved their villages, or coalesced into one village for protection. The Hasinai Caddo groups-the Nacogdoche, Hainai, the Hasinai, the Nadaco, Ais, and the Nabedache-remained in their East Texas homelands, living in the early s outside of the Spanish settlements of Nacogdoches, west to the Neches River, and apparently north of the El Camino Real (Figure ). Between about 3 and 3 , the Hasinai tribes had all been forcibly pushed out of East Texas, and they either moved to Indian Territory, or farther west in Texas (in the upper Trinity and Bra os River basins, see Neighbours 3,).     -2  Padilla  -3  2  Muckleroy Teran  -4  1828 Berlandier -300 one warrior is assumed to e uate to four members of a family, but it is likely that this underestimates population si es some sources estimated ve members to a family or ve people per warrior. This table is based in part on the work of Swanton ( 42:22-23).
Nacogdoche and Ais groups Figure . Redrawn version of Father Puelles map, "provincia de Texas en uisiana." As previously mentioned, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas ( -3) was also situated on San Pedro Creek (Figure 8), apparently astride the Camino de los Tejas (labeled "Ancienne route de Bexar a Nacogdoches"). This mission was established "in the middle" of the Nabedache Caddo village along San Pedro Creek (Bolton 8 :4 ), perhaps about 2 leagues (ca. .2 miles) from the Neches River Weddle (2 2:4 ) suggests it was actually 4 leagues from the mission site to the Neches River along El Camino de los Tejas.

Known Caddo Archaeological Sites
Archaeological evidence of Nabedache Caddo settlements that were occupied contemporaneously with the use of the Camino Real are known along San Pedro Creek, from near the headwaters to the con uence of San Pedro Creek and the Neches River (Erickson and Corbin Perttula (Erickson and Corbin Perttula and Nelson 2 , 2 a, 2 b). There are also pre-A.D. 8 s Caddo sites known in the San Pedro Creek valley, and they will also be discussed in this article along with the better known Historic Nabedache Caddo sites (see also Perttula 2 a).

41HO1, Plev Cutler
Alex Krieger visited the Plev Cutler site in April 44 during his reconnaissance of parts of the San Pedro Creek valley. He noted a few pieces of historic ceramic sherds (of European manufacture, but he : Figure 2 ).
did not specify what kind of ceramic sherds), fragments of mussel shell and animal bone, chipped stone tools, and ancestral Caddo sherds. These were found "in a plowed eld to SE of point of land between Neches River & San Pedro Creek. Crockery from under tree in clearing possibly used by picnickers or shers" (April , 44 letter on le at the Texas Archeological Research aboratory, The niversity of Texas at Austin).
Edward B. Jelks formally recorded the site in June 4 as part of the archaeological survey of the proposed Rockland Reservoir. He described the Plev Cutler site as being situated on the north bank of San Pedro Creek, on a low ridge in an old cultivated eld. Jelks noted lithic debris, burned bone, and charcoal on the surface, but the landowner, Plev Cutler, told Jelks that he had found glass beads, lead bullets, gun parts, arrow points, and ceramic sherds here, and had amassed a collection from the site that included a number of glass beads and extensively modi ed gun barrels.

41HO6, George Moore #1a
The George Moore sites, a-, were identi ed by Alex D. Krieger in April 44 during the course of a geological and archaeological reconnaissance of the lower valley of San Pedro Creek (Figure ). Krieger noted that "on the north bank of San Pedro Creek, about 3 miles above (and west of) the con uence with the Neches, we located a large site with many glass beads and iron fragments. A small cannon, now at the San Jacinto Memorial near Houston, Texas, was plowed up here about 33. This place is in a logical place for settlement and probably agreeable with Bolton s location of Nabedache"  see also Bolton 8). In total, seven archaeological sites were located during the Krieger reconnaissance of plowed elds along San Pedro Creek, most of them on land owned by George A. Moore of Augusta, Texas: George A. Moore a (4 H ), b (4 H 4), c (4 H , with a catlinite pipe, see Perttula ), 2 (4 H ), and 3 (4 H ), as well as Sites 4 (4 H 8) and (4 H ) in different parts of the valley (Figure ). There was also another site that was not recorded on the alluvial terrace north of 4 H and west of San Pedro Creek (Figure ) because of the apparent low density of artifacts noted on the surface. Krieger saw one plain ceramic sherd,pieces of lithic debris, and -small fragments of human bone, one of which was burned. The site with the reputed cannon-4 H -were said by Mr. Moore to have come from a plowed level eld north of a small draw (a spring-fed tributary to San Pedro Creek) (see Figure ) Woldert ( 3 ) reported that the cannon was found at a depth of ca. 2 cm while Mr. Moore was plowing the eld. Weddle (2 2:4 ) suggests that this object is actually "the breech block of a small-bore artillery piece, such as a swivel gun." Whether this breech block, at the San Jacinto Museum of History, is the same piece of artillery mentioned by Moore to Woldert or Krieger is an open debate and probably not easily resolved. The catalogue information for the breech block at the San Jacinto Museum of History indicates that it was found by George A. Moore in 23 (Weddle 2 2:4 ) Newell and Krieger ( 4 : 4) have the discovery about 33, and in Krieger s 44 letter about the survey, he indicated the cannon had been plowed up by George Moore in 4 .

41HO64, George Moore #1b
Not far to the south of the George Moore a site, but south of the draw (see Figure ) and on the rst alluvial terrace or alluvial fan, Moore had plowed up -8 Caddo Indian burials from a cemetery on a low rise that had many glass beads found in association. He had also found several hundred glass beads, a ceramic pipe fragment, a Perdi arrow point, and fragments of human remains during plowing, along with a number of large basally-notched Calf Creek series dart points.
Perttula (2 4) has discussed some of the archaeological ndings from the George Moore b site, and the nearby George Moore c site, based on the documentation of the Jackie ively (and George A. Moore) collection from these sites. An assemblage of 4 beads has been documented from 4 H 4 (see Perttula 2 4: 3 and Table ), and these are consistent with ca. A.D.
-3 beads found in other East Texas Caddo sites. ively had "dug up at least one human skeleton which had large uantities of blue glass trade beads in association. Lively also has collected metal artifacts from the site." More recent discussions with Erwin Roemer (July 2 4 e-mail to the author) indicate that Mr. Lively had probably dug up three or four burials in one location at the George Moore b site.
The more than 4 glass beads in the collections from the George Moore b site is one of the larger collections from a Caddo site in the region some of the beads are apparently from Mr. Moore s 4 s collection, and the remainder are from the Lively digging at the site. However, there is no detailed information available on which speci c beads were found by either individual a 44 photograph in Alex Krieger s correspondence indicates that Mr. Moore had several hundred beads of the same si e and colors as those now in the Lively collection.
According to what Mr. Lively told Erwin Roemer in 8 , the beads were found in close association with the Nabedache Caddo burials, apparently near the skulls of several. They may have been in loops or strands that were arranged or woven into the hair of the deceased individuals (Roemer, July 2 4 e-mail to the author). The strands of beads that are illustrated herein were strung by Mr. Lively, and do not represents the kinds or lengths of beads that may have strung together as burial accompaniments by the Caddo some 3 years ago.
There are a number of glass bead classi cation systems in use in North America, including Harris and Harris ( ), Kidd and Kidd ( ), Brain ( ), Karklins ( 8 ), De ore ( 2), and Ross (2 ). All have their merits and pitfalls, and  discusses these as part of his description and classi cation of glass beads. I have relied principally on the classi cation scheme developed over the years by Kidd and Kidd ( ), as it is the most comprehensive, particularly with respect to the typology of drawn beads (Karklins 8 :8 ), and it is of considerable value in inter-site comparisons because the system is widely used to classify bead assemblages throughout North America, Europe, and other parts of the world.
All of the glass beads from the George Moore b site are drawn beads , either tubular or round in shape ( Figure ). The beads range from small to large in si e small beads are less than 4 mm in length and diameter, compared to 4-mm for medium-si ed beads, and greater thanmm for large beads (Kidd and Kidd ). The large beads comprise only 4.2 percent of the beads in the Lively collection from the site. Only a few of the beads are surface decorated, although many of them are compound or multi-layered beads, including more than 3 Cornaline d Aleppo beads (Figure ).   The beads fall into four classes of drawn beads (see Kidd and Kidd : ,3) in the assemblage, with a number of different colors, shapes, and types of glass (i.e., whether the glass is opa ue, clear, or translucent): Class I, tubular-shaped with simple or monochrome bodies Class II, non-tubular or rounded with simple or monochrome bodies Class III, tubular-shaped, with compound or multi-layered bodies Class IV, non-tubular or rounded with compound or multi-layered bodies.
All told, there are 22 varieties of glass beads in the collections from the George Moore b site ( Table  2 see also Figure ), which suggests a low diversity in the range of beads used by the Caddo, considering that more than , varieties of glass beads have been manufactured to date across the world (Karklins 8 :8 ). By way of comparison, the very large bead assemblage (n 8 ,2 ) from the Tunica Treasure has varieties of glass beads (Brain ).
A distinctive but very rare group of the Class II drawn beads includes ve Class IIb examples (see Table 2), all white in color. One example (IIb ) has six red stripes on it (see Figure tt), while another has only three stripes (IIb2 ). Another larger white bead has three sets of navy blue stripes (IIb28), and the last (IIb33 34) has both red and green stripes (see Figure ss).
The Cornaline d Aleppo beads are the only Class IV beads from the site (see Table 2) (see Figure  l-r, u-y and Figure ), and they are mostly small in si e and rounded, with a exterior glass layer that is red and an interior glass core that is light gray in color. The one Class IIIa bead (see Figure s) is a tubular variety of Cornaline d Aleppo, with a red outer color and a black core. The only other Class III bead (see Figure t) has a red exterior, a black core, and three white and black stripes on the exterior glass layer.
The Cornaline d Aleppo beads are usually uite abundant in 8 th century sites in French Louisiana and Spanish Texas (e.g., Brain ,88 Harris and Harris ). They are rounded drawn beads of compound construction, with an outer brick red or redwood ( . R 4 8) layer and an inner layer of several different colors, including black, light gray, green, or blue (Kidd and Kidd : Table ). The tubular-shaped variety is a very common nd on French and Spanish colonial-era sites in Texas and Louisiana (see Gregory and Webb Harris and Harris Brain ).  had noted from a late th century Spanish village context at the Apalachee town and mission of San Luis de Talimali in Florida that Cornaline d Aleppo beads were reserved for use by the Spanish rather than as trade goods for the Indians, but this does not appear to be the case at the George Moore b site from the little known about where the beads were found.
Beads were mentioned by Joutel on numerous occasions in his 84-8 journal, and these "trinkets" were apparently traded fre uently to the Nabedache Caddo by the La Salle expedition members, including Joutel (Foster 8: , 2 4, 2 , 2 8-2 , 2 3, 22 ). The Nabedache Caddo apparently preferred the color blue (see  for fabrics, and apparently also for the beads they used for ornamentation of their clothes and in necklaces. Glass beads, in general, however, are rare on Neches River Caddo sites, though, and include only a few large blue beads from Allen phase sites (Cole : Table ), including one site (4 HO ) on San Pedro Creek (Erickson and Corbin ) in the speci c vicinity of the Nabedache Caddo village visited by the La Salle Expedition, but on the east side of the creek, the Nabedache A ul (4 HO2 4) and Nabedache Blanco (4 HO2 ) sites (see below), as well as the George Moore b site, where there are many large blue beads.
Are the beads from the site from late th century French and Spanish traders and soldiers, or are they from a period after the abandonment of the Mission San Francisco de los Tejas One way to look at the chronological distinctiveness of the beads at the site and in the region is to examine the general se uence of bead types on late th century to th century sites in Texas and Northwest Louisiana. This se uence is based on comparative data on sites with large bead assemblages where the beads were classi ed using the Harris and Harris ( ) classi cation system (Table 3), and as such provides a way to determine how the George Moore b site bead assemblage compares with regional trends in bead use on Native American sites in the region, and how old the beads are. For this purpose, I have grouped the more than 8 bead types in the Harris and Harris ( : 3 -) scheme into eight broad groups based primarily on bead si e, decoration, and method of manufacture (i.e., drawn or wire-wound beads). In the case of bead Groups VII and VIII (Table 3), these represent a number of bead types that Harris and Harris ( : ) suggest appeared in the bead trade during two speci c temporal intervals ( -8 and 8 -82 ) none of them are present at the site.  8,,8,28,No. ,,,22,24,2 ,  The sites can be readily separated into three different and chronologically distinctive bead assemblages: those that date before a second group that dates from ca.
and a third that dates from ca. -8 (see Table 3). The rst group is dominated by medium-si ed to large white, blue, and black beads of simple construction, with less than 3 percent of the beads being small drawn beads of the same colors.

The
beads have more small drawn beads than do the pre-sites, ranging from -2 percent, along with signi cant numbers of medium to large drawn beads (Group I) and drawn and tubular-shaped Cornaline d Aleppo beads (Group V). Cornaline d Aleppo beads in particular seem characteristic of many 8 th century Texas Caddo and Wichita sites, more so than many other historic Native American sites in the southeastern .S. Large striped and wound beads make their rst appearance in the -sites-as is generally the case for colonial French Louisiana sites in the Southeast (Smith 2 2)-with the exception of earlier th century striped beads from a few sites that appear to be of Spanish origin (see Smith 83,8 ,Ricklis 4).
There is a clear temporal trend in the bead assemblage data of the small drawn "garmet" or "embroidery" beads (Group IV) replacing the larger and heavier "necklace" beads (Groups I-III) by ca.
. This trend or shift in bead si e has been previously noted by Gregory ( 3) and Hunter ( ) in Texas and Louisiana 8 th century aboriginal sites, and this overall bead si e trend appears to culminate in the mid-th century in Texas and Northwest Louisiana sites, along with the appearance after 8 of large faceted beads (see Table 2). By the early th century, small drawn beads comprised more thanpercent of the beads from this group of sites, and the larger beads were primarily faceted (see Table 3).
The George Moore site glass beads include approximately 32 percent that are medium to largesi ed drawn beads (bead Group I), only a trace of Group II striped beads, 4. percent Cornaline d Aleppo beads (bead Group V), with the remainder ( 3 percent) being Group IV small drawn beads of various colors (see Table ). In the Table 3 bead seriation, this bead assemblage would fall readily between the Desha o (Creel 82) and Womack (Harris et al. ) site beads those two sites were occupied by different Caddo groups between ca. 8 -3 , and this 4 year period may be a reasonable approximation of either when Caddo groups were living at the site, or the period of principal trading activities between the Caddo and French traders. Nevertheless, the ca. 8 -3 temporal estimate is strong evidence that this site on San Pedro Creek was occupied by the Nabedache Caddo for at least -2 generations during the late th and early 8 th centuries.
The character of the beads at the George Moore b site was likely shaped by European views of what sorts of glass beads would be suitable for trading purposes, as well as what sorts of beads may have been available for trade. The most notable characteristic of the glass beads from the site is how they are dominated by medium to large translucent blue drawn beads, small and medium-si ed opa ue white drawn beads, and rounded Cornaline d Aleppo beads less than . percent of the beads are small opa ue black beads, and a little more than percent are small clear or translucent drawn black beads. There are only a very few decorated or polychrome beads, no solid red beads, very few tubular beads of any si e, and no wire beads. Smith ( 83,8 ) has noted the same prevalence of small monochrome beads, primarily blue in color, in 3 -sites in the Southeast, with very few polychrome beads or red beads. Blue, white, and black beads of either simple or compound construction are the principal bead types at a wide range of late th to mid-8 th century sites in Pennsylvania and New ork Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin Louisiana, Mississippi, and George as well as Texas, and Cornaline d Aleppo beads are most common in Texas sites dating to the mid-8 th century. Large wire beads make their appearance in the Northeast and Southeast after ca. 8 (see Smith 2 2 Wray 83).

Gun parts and ammunition
The gun parts and ammunition are the only metal artifacts in the collection from 4 HO 4. The one gun part is an iron gun cock ( The gun cock has a narrow tapered comb upon which a gun int would sit beveled basal edges and a at face its overall height is mm. There is a s uarish hole in the gun cock base, and that hole held a screw to mount the gun cock to the lock plate of the gun. The ammunition includes two pieces of lead shot (Figure a-b) and two lead balls. The lead shot had diameters ranging from 3.3-3. mm. They are spheroid in shape, with one attened side, and with a dimple. Hamilton ( :2 8) suggests lead shot pieces like those from the site were made by the French between ca. -.
The lead balls are irregular and attened (see

Gun int
The one gun int (see Figure a) was made from a honey-yellow to blond-colored int, probably from a French source, although some native-made gun ints from the mid-8 th century Gilbert site in Rains County, Texas (Jelks : Figure 4 c) resemble this one in overall shape and si e. It is a unifacially worked gun spall (with the worked edge opposite the heel, see Kenmotsu [ : Figure ]), with a at dorsal surface, no visible arris lip, and no obvious bulb of percussion on the ventral surface. The gun int has four straight edges formed by the removal of small thinning akes around the piece.

Ceramic Pipe bowl
The pipe bowl, noted by Krieger from Mr. Moore s collection from the George Moore b site, is from a short-stemmed elbow pipe with a broad bowl, typical of the style of clay pipes found in Allen phase contexts at the Desha o site (see Napoleon ). The pipe bowl is covered with a series of closely-spaced cross-hatched engraved lines ( Figure 8) one pipe bowl at the Desha o site has a crosshatched decoration, except the lines are incised rather than engraved (Napoleon : Figure 3e). The bowl is 33.2 mm in height, with an estimated exterior ori ce diameter of 2 . mm. The bowl walls are . -. mm thick, and they are thickest at the juncture of the bowl with the stem attachment the pipe was broken at that juncture point.

Dart points
Three dart points are in the collection from the George Moore b and c sites (Perttula 2 4:Figure 3). They do indicate that the area was used by Woodland and Archaic peoples from time to time.
The points are made from a gray chert, possibly available in Neches River stream gravels, but the generally small si e of those gravels seem to preclude the possibility that the gray chert was obtained from local sources. The rst point (see Perttula 2 4: Figure 3a In addition to the glass beads and other artifacts from the George Moore b site, Roemer also noted that there was a poorly preserved metal object in the Lively collection that was apparently found in association with one of the burials. It was about cm long, and may have been a thin iron knife blade this particular object was not in the collection when I came to document it in 2 3. During the Krieger 44 reconnaissance two glass beads were collected from the plowed eld along with a chipped stone end scraper. One is a small (2.8 mm in diameter) opa ue round white bead (IIa 3 in the Kidd and Kidd [ ] classi cation system) and the other is a large (8. mm in diameter) opa ue round blue bead (IIa3 ). Both bead varieties were the two most common in the 4 HO 4 collection documented by Perttula (2 4: Table ), these two varieties comprising more than 2 percent of the bead sample.
In notes on le at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The niversity of Texas at Austin, Krieger noted that Caddo ceramic sherds from an Allen phase occupation were abundant in the plowed eld at the George Moore b site. He identi ed sherds from Bullard Brushed, La Rue Neck Banded, Maydelle Incised, and Patton Engraved vessels at the site he also noted fragments on human remains at the site.

41HO65, George Moore #1c
A catlinite pipe came from the George Moore c site, about m to the west of the George Moore b site, and also south of the spring branch. Krieger provides no speci c information in his 44 eld notes about other artifacts that may have been found or noted there, other than a few fragments of human bone.
The catlinite pipe is a calumet or peace pipe, and would have been used in greeting ceremonies and other rituals by the Caddo, as well as many other tribes living in the eastern nited States the Caddo must have obtained it from the French, as the French widely distributed these pipes to Native American groups in the late th and early 8 th centuries. Speci cally, the pipe from the George Moore c site is the smokestack type of catlinite pipe (see Brain :248).
Henri Joutel witnessed a calumet ceremony in 8 among the Cahinnio Caddo (Foster 8:2 4-2 ), who lived on the Ouachita River in southwestern Arkansas: In the evening, we attended a ceremony that we had not seen before. A group of elders followed by a few young men and some women came as a group singing at the top of their voices near our hut. The rst one carried a calumet [or pipe] decorated with various feathers. Having sung for some time before our hut, they entered the hut and continued their songs for about a uarter of an hour.
The singing and ceremonies with Joutel and other members of his party continued throughout the night.
Then, in the early morning, while the singing continued, "the master of ceremonies took the calumet which he re lled with tobacco, lit, and presented to the Abbe. He drew back and advanced, without giving it to the Abbe, until this was repeated ten times. When he nally put it in the Abbe s hands, he pretended to smoke it and returned it to them. Next, the Indians made us all smoke, and they also all smoked in return, the music always continuing" (Foster 8: 2 4). The singing and ceremonial activities nally wound down around A.M., according to Joutel, and the Caddo wrapped the calumet in a deer skin sack with "two forked sticks and a crosspiece of red wood," and then they offered the calumet to the Abbe. When they did, they told the French that with the calumet, the French "could go to all the tribes who were their allies with this token of peace and that we would be well received everywhere" (Foster 8:2 ).
When Joutel s party came through East Texas in 8 , including the Nabedache Caddo villages along San Pedro Creek, they made no mention of the calumet (Foster 8:2 , fn 8). However, later journeys to these Caddo villages in and 8 by Spanish soldiers and missionaries mention the performance of the calumet. Captain Diego Ramon wrote in the diary of his expedition that the calumet pipe was "adorned with many white feathers as a sign of peace among them" (Espinosa 2 : 2).
The pipe has a short, but s uare stem in cross-section, with a prow protruding from the front of the stem (Figures and 2 ). The prow also has notched projections along its ridge crest, as well as a 2. mm drilled hole near one end the drilled hole may have been used to hold feathers. There are two broad incised lines etched into the stem, extending from the stem opening to near the where the cylindrical bowl would have been attached the bowl is missing, but it was at .2 mm in diameter where it attached to the stem.  According to Thomas E. Emerson and Randall E. Hughes , the red pipestone pipe from the George Moore c site very closely resembles the catlinite material from the Pipestone National Monument area of southwestern Minnesota, although the actual piece could also be from a fragment found in glacial drift sources found some distance to the south. The Portable Infrared Mineral Analy er (PIMA) spectroscopy of the pipe (cf. Emerson and Hughes 2 : 4 Wisseman et al. 2 2) completed by Thomas E. Emerson and Randall E. Hughes of the University of Illinois in comparison with a catlinite specimen from the Pipestone National Monument (Perttula 2 4: Figure ) shows a close geochemical correspondence and comparable absorption features.
On Figure  in Perttula (2 4), Hull spectrum units along the x-axis are in nanometers while the y-axis measures the re ectance (i.e., brightness) of the catlinite specimens. The correspondence in spectrum peaks in nanometers and re ectance (i.e., brightness) indicate that the specimen is made from catlinite from the pipestone uarries centered at the Pipestone National Monument.

41HO66, George Moore #2
This Nabedache Caddo site was situated along the edge of the second or higher alluvial terrace on the west side of San Pedro Creek (see Figure ). The George Moore 3 site is not far to the southwest.
Krieger collected six pieces of burned animal bone and Caddo ceramic vessel sherds (Table 4 see also Perttula 2 b). The ceramic sherds are from both grog-tempered ( percent) and bone-tempered (4 percent) vessels. The plain to decorated sherd ratio (P DR) is a low .24, which is consistent with this being an Historic Caddo (Nabedache Caddo) ceramic assemblage on San Pedro Creek, not a protohistoric (i.e., pre-   Sherds with brushed decorations represent 88 percent of the decorated sherds from the site (see Table 4). In other Nabedache Caddo ceramic assemblages on San Pedro Creek, brushed sherds comprise .2-percent of all the decorated sherds in the Nabedache Caddo ceramic assemblages (Table ). If the proportion of brushing increases through time, such that sites with the highest percentage of brushed sherds are the youngest in a group of assemblages, and the P/DR value decreases from older to youngest, then the George A. Moore #2 site could be considered the youngest of the documented Nabedache Caddo ceramic assemblages (4 HO , 4 HO2 , 4 HO2 4, and 4 HO2 3, see below and Perttula and Nelson 2 , 2 a, 2 b) on San Pedro Creek. The only substantial difference between these San Pedro Creek Caddo sites is the absence of Patton Engraved ne ware sherds in the small sample from the George A. Moore site, and its ubi uity at the Historic Nabedache Caddo sites. I take the absence of Patton Engraved at the George A. Moore #2 site to be simply a product of decorated sherd sample si e, taking into account the other measurements of very similar decorative methods (see Table ). For example, percent of all the sherds in the Krieger sample from the George A. Moore #2 site are brushed, and 88 percent of all the decorated sherds are brushed (see Table ) these proportions are higher than other Nabedache Caddo sites on San Pedro Creek. The very high proportion of brushed sherds in the George A. Moore #2 site ceramics was con rmed in 2 investigations summari ed by Perttula et al. (2 :38), although the ceramic sherd assemblage from this work only comprised sherds.
In addition to the many brushed sherds, likely from Bullard Brushed jars, in the assemblage, one body sherd has opposed brushing marks surrounding a single appli ued node (Figure 2 a). Two sherds with parallel pinched ridges are from Killough Pinched vessels, and one body sherd with hori ontal neck bands is from a La Rue Neck Banded vessel. The only engraved ne ware sherd in the assemblage is from a grog-tempered bottle body sherd. It has at least two sets of three closely-spaced vertical engraved lines that end just above the vessel base (Figure 2 b). This sherd may be from either a cylindrical Hume Engraved or Poynor Engraved bottle (see Suhm and Jelks 2:Plates 42 and 3).
As discussed above, the George A. Moore #2 site (4 HO   artifacts, plain and decorated body sherds (Table ), and a few pieces of animal bone (see Schniebs, below). The density of artifacts in the shovel testing is 4. per positive shovel test, or ca. 3 . artifacts per m 2 . The highest densities of sherds are in ST , 2, and , near the tip of the landform, while lithic artifacts are more abundant in ST , 3, , and , in the same general area ( Figure 22).
The ceramic sherds from the George A. Moore #2 site are primarily from brushed utility ware jars, although the assemblage of sherds is rather small (n ). Approximately 8 percent of the decorated sherds are brushed (parallel brushed, n opposed brushed, n 3), and 8 percent of all the sherds from the site are brushed. The plain/decorated sherd ratio (P/DR) is a very low . . These percentages and P/DR values are consistent with this being an Historic Caddo (Nabedache Caddo) ceramic assemblage on San Pedro Creek (Perttula and Nelson 2 , 2 a). In other known Historic Caddo sites on San Pedro Creek, P/DR ratios range from .32-. , and the percentage of brushed sherds among all sherds is 3 .4-. percent. Finally, brushed sherds comprise .2-percent of all the decorated sherds in the Nabedache Caddo ceramic assemblages. If the proportion of brushing increases through time, such that sites with the highest percentage of brushed sherds are the youngest in a group of assemblages, and the P/DR value decreases from older to youngest, then the George A. Moore #2 site is the youngest of the documented Nabedache Caddo ceramic assemblages (4 HO , 4 HO2 , 4 HO2 4, and 4 HO2 3, see above and Perttula and Nelson 2 ,2 ).
The other decorated sherds in the George A. Moore #2 sherd assemblage include a body sherd (ST , -2 cm bs) with opposed engraved lines (untyped), and a parallel grooved body sherd (ST 2, -2 cm) from a Lindsey Grooved jar. This kind of utility ware is a recently recogni ed Historic Caddo utility ware in the Neches-Angelina river basin (Perttula et al. 2 ).
Grog, bone, and hematite were used to temper the vessels at the site, either as the sole temper, or in combination with other tempers. Grog was present in percent of the analy ed sherds, compared to percent for sherds with bone, and percent with hematite temper inclusions. These are much higher proportions of bone temper use than has been documented at other Historic Caddo sites along San Pedro Creek (see Perttula and Nelson 2 , 2 a, see below). A naturally sandy clay was occasionally used to manufacture vessels, represented by 2 percent of the sherds from the site analy ed in detail (see Perttula et al. 2 :Appendix 3).
The sherds are from vessels that were red and cooled in a high oxygen environment ( percent) incompletely oxidi ed during ring (4 percent) red and cooled in a reducing environment ( percent) red in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air (3 percent), and one sherd ( percent) from a vessel that was red in an irregular way, with a lighter core than their surfaces. Aten and Bollich (2 2: 4-) suggest that vessels with this kind of ring may have been placed in a re with the "orice [of the vessel] facing into the re." Furthermore, the sherds with cores lighter than the surfaces may have come from vessels where "after extended ring that burned off all organics, the re may have been smothered to cause reduction and darkening of the exterior surface." It is interesting that the vessel ring practices apparent in the sherds found at the George A. Moore #2 site are uite different from other His-toric Caddo Nabedache sites, in that the latter are dominated ( 8-percent) by sherds red in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air (see Perttula and Nelson [2 ,2 a], and the discussion that follows concerning the ceramic sherds from the Ivie # site on San Pedro Creek).
The lithic artifacts from the site are apparently a product of the manufacture of chipped stone tools during the Caddo occupation of the site, as there is no evidence of an earlier pre-ceramic Archaic or Woodland period ceramic-bearing occupation. In addition to the lithic debris, there is a single ferruginous sandstone grinding slab fragment from ST (2 -4 cm bs) (see Table ). The fragment is at least mm in length and 4 mm in width.
Raw materials represented in the lithic debris assemblage at the George A. Moore #2 site include the following local materials: petri ed wood (n 8/ percent cortical), uart ite (n / percent cortical, including a core fragment), and Glover uart ite (n 2/ percent cortical, see Perttula and Nelson [2 ] for a discussion concerning this distinctive Neches River basin raw material). These raw materials comprise . percent of the lithic debris from the site. Probable non-local lithic raw materials (most likely from Central Texas source areas or expansive gravel deposits east of the Edwards Plateau) in the lithic debris are: black-white banded chert (n / percent cortical), translucent gray chert (n / percent cortical), and gray chert (n / percent cortical). These much rarer tool stones account for 3 .4 percent of the lithic debris sample.

Faunal Remains, by LeeAnna Schniebs
Six faunal specimens were recovered from two levels in two shovel tests (ST 2, 2 -4 cm bs and ST , 2 -cm bs) at the George A. Moore #2 site, and three fragments were collected from the surface of the site. The collection consists of seven large mammal bone fragments, one deer tooth fragment from ST 2, and a small piece of burned turtle shell from ST (2 -4 cm bs). The sample weighs . grams.

41HO67, George Moore #3
The George A. Moore #3 site (4 HO ) is on the same alluvial terrace as the George Moore #2 site (see Figure ). Krieger collected a total of six Caddo sherds from the site: one grog-tempered base sherd, a grog-tempered Killough Pinched body sherd, and four grog-tempered brushed rim and body sherds. The one rim, from a Bullard Brushed jar, has hori ontal brushing marks, while the body sherds have vertical brushing marks. In the absence of Patton Engraved sherds or European trade goods, this site is most likely an ancestral Nabedache Caddo site that was occupied prior to ca. A.D.
, although the TARL inventory sheet of artifacts from it mentions that two glass beads were in a surface collection from the site (Perttula 2 4:8 ).

41HO68, George Moore #4
In Krieger s 44 reconnaissance of the lower San Pedro Creek valley, he noted the George Moore #4 site on a map as located in a plowed eld on the east side of San Pedro Creek (see Figure ). Other than its location along the edge of the oodplain, Krieger made no other comments about the site. Thus, its cultural and temporal af liation is unknown, although it is suspected to be an ancestral Caddo site.

41HO69, George Moore #5
Only a small sample of Caddo ceramic sherds were collected from the George Moore # site, downstream a short distance from the other sites (see Figure ), during the 44 reconnaissance. This includes a grog-tempered parallel brushed body sherd, a plain bone-tempered body sherd, and a bonetempered Poynor Engraved carinated bowl body sherd (see Figure 2 c). This sherd may be from a Poynor Engraved, var. Cook vessel (see . This variety of Poynor Engraved was apparently made from ca. A.D. 4 -, but was most common on Caddo sites in the Neches River basin dating between ca. A.D. 4 -(Perttula 2 : Table -3 ). This suggests that the George Moore # site is an ancestral Nabedache Caddo site, occupied well before sustained European contact.

41HO91 and 41HO91B
4 HO was estimated by Erickson and Corbin ( ) to cover approximately .2 acres of a low sandy rise at the edge of the San Pedro Creek oodplain. During their work at the site they recovered a Perdi arrow point (Erickson and Corbin :Figure b), ve pieces of lithic debris, a chert scraper, a sherd of Patton Engraved (a temporal and cultural diagnostic of Historic Hasinai Caddo settlements in the Neches and Angelina River basins), three incised sherds, three brushed sherds, a brushed-incised sherd, and a punctated sherd, a pipe bowl sherd, and a glass trade bead (Erickson and Corbin : Figure d). The ceramic sherds were tempered with grog, grog-bone, and sand. Thirty-one artifacts were recovered from this part of 4 HO during the metal detecting and shovel test investigations (Table ). More than percent of the recovered artifacts from 4 HO are Caddo ceramic vessel sherds. The plain-decorated sherd ratio (P/DR) is a low .4 , and consistent with an Historic Caddo Allen phase ceramic assemblage in the Neches-Angelina River basins. The P/DR at 4 HO B is .4 and .3 at 4 HO 22, although the sample si es are small. At the Nabedache Blanco site (4 HO2 ), the P/DR is .3 , compared to .32 at the Nabedache A ul site (4 HO2 4) (Perttula and Nelson 2 : 2).  The 22 sherds include from decorated ne wares (n 4) and utility wares (n ) ( Table 8). Almost percent of the decorated sherds have brushing on them, either by itself (and presumably covering the body of utility ware jars) or in association with appli ued ridges that probably divided the brushing on vessel bodies into vertical panels. The high fre uency of brushing at 4 HO , as well as at 4 HO B and 4 HO 22, in conjunction with the low P/DR, is also consistent with an Allen phase ceramic assemblage at these three different site areas. By way of comparison, over percent of the decorated sherds at the nearby Nabedache Blanco site are brushed, as are more than percent of the decorated sherds at the Nabedache A ul site (Perttula and Nelson 2 :Tables and 8). Almost 8 percent of the decorated sherds are brushed in the Plev Cutler decorated sherd collection (n decorated sherds) from the general Mission Tejas State Park area along San Pedro Creek (Perttula et al. 2 ), and Patton Engraved and Hume Engraved, Allen phase ceramic diagnostics, are the most common engraved ne wares in these collections. In addition to the brushed utility ware sherds, there are two sherds decorated with simple incised line decorative elements (see Table 8). These may be from ef gy vessels decorated with hori ontal incised lines around the rim of bowls.
The four engraved sherds include two nondescript sherds with a single straight line on them, along with two others. The rst has a hori ontal and diagonal element on a carinated bowl, while the other is from a Hume Engraved vessel with a single hatched engraved triangle pendant from a hori ontal line encircling the rim.
All the vessel sherds from 4 HO are tempered with grog (or crushed sherds), but almost 3 percent have crushed hematite inclusions (Table ). The proportion of hematite temper here is roughly comparable to the ceramic vessel sherds from 4 HO B, but occurs in much higher fre uencies here than it does at either 4 HO 22 or the Nabedache Blanco and Nabedache A ul site ceramic assemblages (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Table 3 and Figure 3 ). The absence of bone-tempered ceramics at 4 HO is notable, particularly given its popularity (all more than 2 percent) in the assemblages from 4 HO B, 4 HO 22, Nabedache Blanco, and Nabedache A ul.  Table ). Sandy paste clays were obviously selected for vessel manufacture by the Nabedache Caddo potters living at this site, more so than is the case at either 4 HO 22, Nabedache Blanco, or Nabedache A ul (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Table 3).
The vessel sherds from 4 HO were primarily from vessels red in a low oxygen or reducing environment (see Table ). Most of these vessels were subse uently cooled in the open air, which led to the formation of thin oxidi ed ones along one or both sides of the vessel surface (see Teltser 3: Figure 2f-h). The same vessel ring practices were in place by the Caddo residents living at 4 HO B and 4 HO 22, as well as at the Nabedache Blanco and Nabedache A ul sites (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Table  4). The Nabedache Caddo potters were apparently able to successfully regulate the ring and cooling of the ceramic wares used by the residents of the Nabedache Caddo village along San Pedro Creek.
The four lithic artifacts from 4 HO includes three pieces of lithic debris and a ake scraper or possible gun int fragment. This tool (ST -2, -2 cm bs) is made from a gray chert and has a steep and scalloped working edge. All three of the pieces of lithic debris are on chert: yellowish-brown chert (n ), grayish-brown chert (n ), and a honey-colored chert (n ). The one cortical piece (the yellowish-brown chert) has a smoothed cortex, suggesting it had come from a pebble or cobble obtained from stream gravels, probably from the Neches River.
The honey-colored chert or int piece (ST -, -2 cm bs) resembles the material from one of the gun ints recovered at the Nabedache A ul site (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Figure 4a), and it is likely that this piece of debris is a remnant of a blade gun int. The piece has a visible dorsal ridge scar and one edge has been trimmed or has use-wear damage.
Three th century cut nails were recovered from three separate metal detector hits/shovel tests in the eastern part of 4 HO . There may have been a structure erected here dating from the mid-th century, sometime after the Nabedache Caddo abandoned the San Pedro Creek valley. Other metal artifacts from this area include an iron hinge with three suspension holes two cut nails were still in place in these holes, and their purpose would have been to hold the hinge in place, probably along a door or cabinet. The other metal artifact (ST , -2 cm) is an iron trigger from a French intlock musket (see Jelks : Figure 3 o, ).

41HO91B (Field)
Site 4 HO B is about m north of the wooded section of 4 HO , in a thickly overgrown pasture or old eld with scattered small pines, brush, and thick grasses. A total of 2 shovel tests were excavated during the course of investigating possible metal detector hits at the site (which we are keeping separate from 4 HO in the woods) that contained artifacts, and nine separate surface nds of artifacts were also documented here (see Figure 23). This component of 4 HO is estimated to cover a ca. 2 x m area or approximately s uare meters ( .2 acres).
Sixty-ve artifacts were collected from shovel tests and surface contexts at 4 HO B (see Table  ). Ceramic vessel sherds comprise 4 percent of the artifact assemblage, and lithic debris accounts for another 38 percent of the total. The fre uency of lithic debris at 4 HO B compared to 4 HO ( . percent) and 4 HO 22 ( 3. percent), as well as at Nabedache A ul (8.3 percent), suggests a heightened emphasis here in chipped stone tool manufacture. Such was also the case, but even more so, at the Nabedache Blanco site, where lithic debris accounted for more than percent of the 3 artifacts recovered there during recent test excavations (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Table ).
The 3 sherds from 4 HO B include plain sherds and 24 decorated sherds. Most of the decorated sherds are from utility ware vessels ( 2 percent). The P/DR is .4 .
The two engraved sherds include a Poynor Engraved body sherd with a hatched triangular element and a Patton Engraved body sherd with ticking (see Table 8). The Patton Engraved bowl sherd (Surface nd, B -) has two widely-spaced curvilinear engraved lines on the vessel rim with small triangular tick marks on them, and these intersect a third but straight engraved line with the same kind of tick marks on it.
The most common decorated utility wares at the site are brushed sherds ( percent), mostly with parallel or vertical brushing marks. Other decorated utility wares include two with a single straight incised line, two with tool punctates, and a Killough Pinched body sherd with at least two rows of pinching.
The ceramics from 4 HO B have a diverse range of tempers added to the paste of vessels (see Table ). This includes grog, bone, and hematite inclusions in various combinations, with 23.8 percent having bone temper and another 2.4 percent with crushed hematite inclusions. Most of the sherds from the site are from vessels made with a naturally sandy clay-comparable in proportions to the vessel sherds from 4 HO (see Table ).
Like 4 HO and 4 HO 22, most of the vessel sherds from 4 HO B are from vessels red in a reducing environment, then cooled in a high oxygen environment ( 2. percent, see Table ). Another percent of the sherds are from vessels red in a reducing environment.
One honey-colored chert ake tool was recovered in ST B-( -2 cm bs). It had evidence of use along one lateral edge, and given the distinctive raw material, may be a remnant of a broken gun int.
The 2 pieces of lithic debris are from a wide variety of raw materials, including cherts of different colors, petri ed wood, novaculite, uart ite, and a distinctive gray "sugary-textured" uart ite that may originate locally in the Glover Sandstone Formation (Girard : Perttula and Nelson 2 :8 ). Cherts comprise 4 percent of the lithic debris (Table ), and almost all of this material is non-cortical. Petri ed wood accounts for percent of the lithic debris, uart ite another 4 percent, and the "sugary" Glover Sandstone uart ite another 2 percent. The remaining piece of lithic debris is a piece of non-local novaculite (4 percent) from the Ouachita Mountains and/or Red River gravels a considerable distance from San Pedro Creek this piece must have come off a completed tool made from novaculite that was resharpened or nished at 4 HO B. At the Nabedache Blanco site, Glover Sandstone uart ite, petri ed wood, and uart ite were the three most common raw materials represented in the lithic debris, accounting for more than percent of the 8 pieces found in the test excavations at this Allen phase component (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Table ). The Nabedache Caddo occupants of 4 HO B used more chert raw materials than did the residents of the Nabedache Blanco site, and probably had better access to such ne-grained siliceous materials. By comparison, percent of the lithic debris from the Nabedache A ul site was chert (Perttula and Nelson 2 :8 ).
At least two different sources of local lithic raw material were exploited by the Caddo knappers living at 4 HO B. The rst and principal source were stream gravels-probably in the Neches River oodplain-where cortically smooth stream-rolled raw material would have been gathered (see Table  ). A secondary source must be from non-stream gravels based on the cortex being roughened and nonsmoothed (Perttula and Nelson 2 :8 ). Raw materials with this kind of cortex include only the Glover Sandstone uart ite and a dark grayish-black chert Other incidental artifacts found in the 4 HO B shovel testing include burned clay (n , ST B-, -2 cm bs), daub (n , ST B-8, -2 cm bs), and burned animal bone (n 2, ST B-, -2 cm bs), evidence of structure and outdoor cooking activities and trash disposal. No European metal goods were recovered in the shovel testing investigations at the site.
In late March 2 , we returned to 4 HO , 4 HO B, 4 HO 22, and 4 HO 4 at Mission Tejas State Park to conduct additional metal detecting, shovel testing, and surface collections. Conditions had improved since our earlier archeological investigations in February 2 (Perttula and Nelson 2 a), and we wished to follow up these earlier investigations with targeted metal detecting and shovel testing in areas where Colonial-era metal artifacts had been found in that work. At 4 HO 4 , the previous water-logged conditions limited the number of shovel tests we were able to excavate in February 2 , so returning to the site area in late March when it was drier allowed us to explore the likely site area and determine if the archaeological materials discovered by Erickson and Corbin ( ) at the site were indeed shallowly buried in the San Pedro Creek oodplain.
Four additional shovel tests (22)(23) in the eastern part of 4 HO contained archaeological materials (Table ). These materials include ve wire nails, three cut nails, four nail shank fragments, two chert pieces of lithic debris, and a single plain grog-tempered body sherd in ST 2 .

Provenience
Material Culture Category The iron cut nails likely date to the period from ca. 82 -8 (Wells 8: Figure 8). They can also be associated with the cut nails and iron hinge found during earlier work in the same area of the site (Perttula and Nelson 2 a: 3). They are not apparently part of the Nabedache Caddo occupation previously documented from the site. The wire nails (dating after ca. 8 , see Wells 8 Adams 2 2) suggest there was an even later historic use of the site.
No additional shovel tests were excavated at 4 HO B in March 2 . There were six surface nds (numbered Nos. 2 -2 ). These new surface nds of Caddo ceramic sherds (Table 2) and one piece of lithic debris indicate that this Nabedache Caddo component at 4 HO B covers an estimated 2 x 2 m area or approximately s uare meters ( . 3 acres). overlapping brushed body sherd plain body sherd 1 gray chert lithic debris (non-cortical) The one piece of lithic debris is of a non-cortical gray chert from nd No. 2 . There are also six plain body or base sherds, including one well burnished body sherd from No. 2 . The four utility ware decorated sherds in this collection are overlapping brushed (n 2), parallel brushed-incised (n ), and hori ontal incised (n ).

41HO122
Woldert ( 3 :2 -2 8, 2 ) had reported that a brass epaulet and a silver cane head had been found at 4 HO 22, along with human bones, probably all from a Historic Caddo burial. The site was located a short distance west of 4 HO , being situated on a "low sandy upland outlier adjacent to the uplands" in the San Pedro Creek valley (Erickson and Corbin :2 ). Extensive shovel testing here de ned a site area estimated to cover . 8 acres, and with archaeological deposits ranging from -cm in thickness below the surface. Recovered artifacts from the work included four plain grog and sandy paste body sherds as well as a decorated elbow pipe bowl (Erickson and Corbin : Figure g). They also collected seven pieces of lithic debris in the shovel testing. This Caddo site is a short distance to the south-southwest of 4 HO B, in the same overgrown pasture as 4 HO B (Field). There is a low swale in the old eld/pasture that apparently separates the two sites.
A total of shovel tests excavated at 4 HO 22 in 2 contained artifacts. Three separate surface artifact nds were also documented at the site ( Figure 24). This site is estimated to cover a ca. 4 x 8 m area or approximately 33 s uare meters ( .8 acres).
A total of 44 artifacts were recovered from 4 HO 22 during the 2 archaeological investigations, primarily ceramic vessel sherds (see Table 7). These account for 73 percent of the small artifact assemblage.
The ceramic vessel sherds include nine plain sherds and 23 decorated sherds (P/DR .3 ). Engraved ne wares comprise 22 percent of the decorated sherd sample, with the remainder coming from utility ware vessels (see Table 8). The P/DR is .3 .
Two of the engraved sherds have hatched triangular elements that are usually found on Poynor Engraved vessels. Another has part of a vertical engraved panel (probably on a carinated bowl or a cylindrical-shaped Hume Engraved vessel, see Suhm and Jelks 2: Plate 42a-e), while the other two have either a single straight engraved line or sets of closely-spaced parallel to curvilinear engraved lines (see Table 8).
Utility ware decorated sherds from 4 HO 22 are dominated by brushed vessel sherds, either with parallel (probably oriented vertically on the vessel body), overlapping, or opposed brushing marks (see Table  8). The only other decorated utility ware sherd has a single hori ontal incised line on the vessel rim.
As an assemblage, the vessel sherds from 4 HO 22 are tempered primarily with grog, but with a signi cant number of the sherds also having crushed and burned bone temper inclusions (see Table ). Crushed pieces of hematite were also occasionally added to the paste of vessels from this site, but with nowhere near the fre uency of hematite tempering seen at 4 HO and 4 HO B.
Vessel sherds with a clay paste ( 4. percent) are more common here than at the two components at 4 HO (see Table ), but sandy paste clays were still regularly used by the Nabedache Caddo potters. Vessels at this site were usually red in a reducing environment (7 .4 percent), as with the other Nabedache Caddo pottery recovered at sites at Mission Tejas State Park.
One ferruginous sandstone mano fragment (ground and smoothed on one side) was recovered in . The six pieces of lithic debris includes dark gray chert (n ), gray chert (n 2), and uart ite (n 2), as well as a single piece of honey-colored chert (ST 22-4, -3 cm bs) that may be a piece of knapping debris from the resharpening/reshaping of a gun int. Both pieces of uart ite have cortical remnants, implying the on-site reduction of uart ite pebbles and the on-site manufacture of uart ite tools from local stream gravel sources.
Artifacts of European or American manufacture include a cut nail from  and three other pieces of iron from the southwestern part of 4 HO 22. One is an unidenti able iron fragment, another (ST 22-, -cm bs) is a poorly preserved fri en from a probable 8 th century French musket (Jay Blaine, 2 7 personal communication see Jelks 7: Figure 28a-d), while the third piece (ST 22-4, -cm bs) is a U-shaped iron piece of colonial-age horse trappings, possibly a piece of a bridle.
A single piece of burned animal bone (ST 22-4, -3 cm) from one shovel test indicates that some evidence of animal subsistence practices is preserved at 4 HO 22. No Colonial-era metal or other trade goods were found at 4 HO 22 during the second round of metal detecting/shovel testing in March 2 7, although an 8 th century musket fri en and an iron piece of horse trappings were found earlier in the western part of the site by Perttula and Nelson (2 7a: 8). Seventeen new shovel tests ( , do contain, however, archaeological deposits and material culture remains from the Nabedache Caddo occupation (Figure 2 and Table 3), and two ceramic sherds were found on the surface (No. 3 and No. 4 ). Three of the recovered artifacts are lithic (see Table 3), including a piece of dark gray chert lithic debris (ST 34), a piece of honey-colored chert lithic debris (ST 2 ), and a fragment of a bifaciallyknapped Perdi arrow point made from petri ed wood (ST 24).
The remainder of the artifacts from 4 HO 22 are ceramic vessel sherds (n 2 ) 3 of the 2 sherds are decorated. Combining these sherds with the sherd sample reported earlier by Perttula and Nelson (2 7a: see above) from the site, the plain: decorated sherd ratio of the larger sample (n 2) is .44, consistent with an Historic Caddo Allen phase occupation. Nine of the decorated sherds are from brushed utility wares, and a tenth is a body sherd with a single straight incised line on it. The other three sherds have triangular tick-marked straight lines from Patton Engraved bowls (Suhm and Jelks 2:Plate d-f). Patton Engraved is the principal engraved ne ware in Allen phase components in the Neches and Angelina River basins.

41HO147
4 HO 47 was found on a sandy rise at the edge of the San Pedro Creek oodplain, north of 4 HO . Site si e was estimated at . 2 acres. Erickson and Corbin ( :3 ) mentioned that a Mr. and Mrs. Howard Moore had previously collected Caddo pottery sherds and glass trade beads when the site was cleared for a pasture. During the Erickson and Corbin ( ) work (consisting of 4 shovel tests), they recovered archaeological materials from 4 -8 cm bs, including two plain body sherds, one brushed sherd, and three pieces of lithic debris.
Minimal archaeological information was obtained from 4 HO 47 during both 2 7 investigations. This was primarily the result of the very thick underbrush and grass at this site area, as well as the waterlogged sediments due to a heavy rain one night before we were able to work at the site.
In the area of 4 HO 47 that apparently corresponds to the site location based on UTMs provided by Erickson and Corbin for their completed site form, we were not able to locate any archaeological materials (including metal) in the four shovel tests excavated there. Ranging farther to the east along the edge of the overgrown pasture, where a Caddo pottery sherd was visible on the surface, we were able to locate archaeological materials in limited shovel testing. Three shovel tests here (out of a total of seven shovel tests) contained aboriginal ceramic and lithic artifacts, but no artifacts de nitive of a Historic Nabedache Caddo settlement. These three shovel tests delimit an area covering approximately s uare meters ( .4 acres), although we suspect the site was much bigger than we were able to establish in our limited investigations.
Recovered artifacts from 4 HO 47 in the rst round of work included two sherds and three pieces of lithic debris (see Table 7). One of the sherds was found on the surface, and it is a grog-tempered base sherd. The other sherd (ST 2, -2 cm bs) is from a carinated bowl that has a hori ontal and diagonal engraved motif marked by hatched triangles at the intersection of the hori ontal and diagonal lines. This decorated sherd is from a Poynor Engraved vessel. Such vessels were made and used in both Frankston (ca. A.D. 4 -) and post-A.D. Allen phase times by the Caddo (see Kleinschmidt 82), but by itself does not constitute evidence for a Historic Nabedache Caddo settlement at 4 HO 47.
Two shovel tests were excavated at the site in March 2 7. Lithic debris was recovered in both from -7 cm bs in a buried A-hori on ( Table 4). The top of the buried A-hori on is at 4 cm bs in the two shovel tests. The two positive shovel tests-and the identi cation of a buried A-hori on-con rm Erickson and Corbin s ( :3 ) suspicion that the archaeological deposits at the site are buried. There is no indication that the archeological deposits have been signi cantly impacted or destroyed (contra Erickson and Corbin :3 ). Unfortunately, the recovered artifacts shed no light on whether 4 HO 47 was occupied during historic times by the Nabedache Caddo.

41HO211, Nabedache Blanco
The Nabedache Blanco site is located on a probable alluvial fan and lower toe slope (23 -24 feet amsl) (Figure 2 ) immediately adjacent to the San Pedro Creek oodplain. The landform has an overstory of pines and hardwoods, with a low understory of vines, brush, cane, and sparse grasses. Surface visibility is poor, at -percent, and no artifacts were noted on the surface across the site.  Based on shovel testing and metal detector surveys (Perttula and Nelson 2 ), the Nabedache Blanco site covers approximately ,3 s uare meters (ca. 2. acres). Most of the site is on relatively at-lying land adjacent to, and ca. m above, the San Pedro Creek oodplain, while some archaeological deposits occur along the base of a ridge toe slope ca. m above the lower-lying parts of the site (see Figure 2 ). The low-lying parts of the site are separated by a swale, and the westernmost part of it (i.e., in the area of Units and 3) is covered in tall cane. It also has different and thicker sediments than the eastern part of the site (i.e., in the area of the remainder of the units). None of the sediments appear to be alluvial in character, but are instead probably primarily the product of colluvial deposition from the nearby and steep upland slope (see Figure 2 ). However, the fact that the thickest deposits occur along the margins of the landform closest to the San Pedro Creek oodplain-and farthest from the base of the upland slope-suggests that some alluvial deposits contributed to the formation of the sediments on the Nabedache Blanco site.
Twenty-two shovel tests were excavated across the site, and almost all of the lower-lying portions of it were systematically examined by metal detectors (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Figure 8). The ndings from the shovel tests and the metal detecting indicated that important archaeological deposits containing aboriginal ceramic sherds, lithic artifacts and tools, and 7 th and 8 th century metal (as well as glass beads, as the ne-screened columns from the units showed) (Table ), were concentrated in two parts (Areas A and B) of the low-lying area. Very little archaeological materials occurred in the lower toe slope deposits at the base of the steep upland slope. The hand-excavated units were accordingly concentrated in Areas A and B. The metal detector hits are clearly clustered in Area A on the eastern part of the landform, with a few widely-scattered hits in Area B ( Figure 27). All of the metal detector hits in Area B were of late th -2 th century metal, including barbed wire, pieces of wire, and shotgun shells. In Area A, a ca. 24 s uare meter area had metal detector hits with a Spanish spur fragment (MD 4), a French-style iron hoe (MD ), and a possible iron strike-a-light in MD 4 (see Figure 27). All these came from less than 2 cm bs in Zone 2 sediments. Aboriginal Caddo ceramic sherds are concentrated in the same part of the site (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Figure 2 ), although sherd densities reach only as high as sherds per s uare meter (Unit ). Sherds from Patton Engraved, Poynor Engraved, Bullard Brushed, La Rue Neck Banded, Maydelle Incised, and cf. Hume Engraved have been identi ed at both the Nabedache Blanco as well as the Nabedache A ul site (4 HO2 4). The only pipe sherds recovered in the work (all apparently from a single elbow pipe) came from Unit 4 in Area A. In Area B, sherds from Unit and 3 occur at a density of 7-3 sherds per s uare meter. One sherd was also found in a shovel test (ST 4) on the lower toe slope part of the site.
There is a wider distribution of lithic artifacts on the site, but lithic tools and pieces of lithic debris are best represented in Areas A and B on the lower-lying part of the site. In the x m units, lithic debris densities ranged from 2-7 pieces per s uare meter (with the highest densities in Unit , , 7, and 4), with densities between 8-pieces per s uare meter in the Area B units. Three shovel tests on the lower toe slope each had piece of lithic debris (ST 2, 3, and 2 , see Figure 2 ).
European trade goods are concentrated in Area A of the site (see Table ). This not only includes the previously mentioned metal artifacts (see Figure 2 ), but glass beads and a few gun parts as well. One gun int was recovered in Area B (Unit ), the same area that we recovered a Turney arrow point, and Galan (2 3) had previously reported the recovery of a Cuney arrow point from this same area.
The majority of the glass beads from Area A of the site (8 percent) were found in the ne-screen columns, as was a piece of lead sprue. Larger pieces-such as a lead ball in Unit (3 -4 cm) and the few larger beads-were recovered in either the /-4-inch screen matrix or in the metal detecting effort. Less than percent of the ne-screen samples contained European trade goods. Of the recovered artifacts of European derivation, 8 percent were found in the upper 3 cm of the archaeological deposits (in Zones and 2), but they did occur as deep as 4 -cm bs in a Unit 2 ne-screen column (Zone 3).
Aboriginal ceramic sherds and lithic artifacts occur throughout the archaeological deposits, and re-cracked rock is found only in Zone 3 and 4 sediments. A Woodland period dart point was found at a comparable depth as Zone 3 or 4 in ST in Area B. Two non-tempered Woodland period sandy paste sherds (Goose Creek Plain, var. ns eci ed) were also found in Area B. Taken together with the evidence of the deeper sediments containing re-cracked rock, this suggests that the Nabedache Blanco site was rst occupied at least by Woodland period times (ca. The main occupation of the site took place after ca. A.D. -based on the decorated aboriginal ceramic sherds and the radiocarbon dates-and this occupation was concentrated on the northern part of the lowest-lying part of the landform overlooking the San Pedro Creek oodplain. During the course of this Caddo occupation, the residents of the site obtained European trade goods (but still in low fre uencies), including beads, gun parts, and a metal hoe, strike-a-light, and a Spanish spur.
The two calibrated radiocarbon dates obtained from the Nabedache Blanco site are on charred hickory nutshells from Unit / 3 (2 -3 cm bs) and Units /2/ 2 (2 -3 cm bs). At 2 sigma, the rst calibrated sample has age ranges of A.D.
and A.D. 2 -, with a calibrated intercept of A.D. (Beta-2 83 ). The second date is slightly younger, with a 2 sigma calibrated age range of A.D.
-(Beta-2 84 ), and with the oldest intercept being A.D. 8 (other intercepts are AD 73 ,8 ,3 ,and ). Both dates and the intercepts suggest that the Nabedache Blanco site was occupied early in the Allen phase.

41HO214, Nabedache Azul
The Nabedache A ul site is on a colluvial bench (24 -2 feet amsl) along a lower upland slope above the San Pedro Creek oodplain. A deep gully cuts across the bench, and marks the northern extent of the site ( Figure 28). The main part of the site has a slight slope from east to west, where it attens out at its far western extent where archaeological materials apparently extend onto the San Pedro Creek oodplain.
From shovel testing and metal detecting hits by Perttula and Nelson (2 ), the Nabedache A ul site is estimated to cover 44 s uare meters ( . acres), measuring 83 m east-west and a maximum of 3 m in width. Shovel testing conducted by Cooper and Cooper (2 : Figure ) suggests that the site may extend to the fence line (and beyond) at the southern extremes of the site (see Figure 28), although little archaeological material was found in that area. The metal detecting effort covered the colluvial bench and a portion of the northern part of the site, all west of the gully. Previous investigations by Cooper and Cooper (2 :37) had already indicated that there were no archaeological deposits on the north side of the gully. The metal detecting extended to the fence line on the south, and some distance east upslope along the bench.
There were a number of metal detector hits in the central part of the site, mostly concentrated in a ca.
s uare meter area of the colluvial bench. The one brass tinkler recovered by Cooper and Cooper (2 ) from the Nabedache A ul site also came from this same area ( Figure 2 ). Most of the metal in this central area appears to be from a historic Nabedache Caddo occupation, and included 8 th century gun parts, lead balls, lead sprue, iron knifes, iron kettle fragments, and a rolled piece of brass. Twenty-three Figure 28. Map of the Nabedache A ul site (4 HO2 4). metal artifacts of apparent 8 th century age were recovered from the metal detecting work (see Table ). Glass beads and gun ints were also found in this area in the x m hand-excavated units, along with one sherd of majolica from Unit .
There is a ca. m diameter area in this central area where European metal artifacts are notably absent. What might have created this spatial discontinuity in the distribution of metal artifacts during the historic Caddo component Further investigations-including remote sensing-would be in order to examine the character of the archaeological deposits in this area (since no shovel tests or hand-excavated units were excavated there). Nevertheless, we suggest that this m diameter spatial anomaly may be accounted for by the likelihood that a structure stood there during the occupation, and broken metal and other artifacts were discarded by the Caddo around it, rather than within it.
The European trade goods were most commonly recovered from -2 cm bs (87 percent) in Zone and 2 sandy loam sediments. The remainder came from 2 -3 cm bs. More than 4 percent of the glass beads were found in the ne-screen columns, but the only other European trade good recovered in the ne-screen columns was a piece of lead sprue with a cut-out from a lead ball.
Twentieth-century metal, including a few wire nails and 2-gauge shotgun shells, were found in the metal detecting hits to the east some -m from the historic Nabedache Caddo component. This is on the eastern side of an old and shallow road bed that cuts across the landform. Perhaps a more recent farm outbuilding stood in this area at one time.
Aboriginal Caddo lithic and ceramic artifacts are concentrated in the same area as the European trade goods, namely on the western edge of the colluvial bench. Lithic artifacts of any kind are uncommon at the Nabedache A ul site (see Table ). Except for one piece of lithic debris from ST 2, the remainder of the lithic artifacts come from hand-excavated units and metal detector hits in the central part of the site. Lithic debris densities in the x m units ranged from only -pieces per s uare meter. Ceramic sherds have a broader distribution, based on the recovery of sherds in shovel testing (ST 2 and ST 4) along the margins of the San Pedro Creek oodplain (see Figure 28) as well as closer to the gully. The highest densities of sherds in the x m units and the metal detector hits are in the same area as the distribution of European trade goods.
The highest sherd densities in the controlled hand excavations are in Units , 4, and (see Figure  28). There, sherds occur at a density of 23-37 per s uare meter, much higher than at the Nabedache Blanco site. In the remainder of the central area, sherd densities are only -per s uare meter.
The Woodland period sherds are the only archaeological indication that the Nabedache A ul site was used prior to the Nabedache Caddo settlement in the 8 th century. This latter Caddo component is the principal and primary occupation represented at the site, although there is a late th -2 th century veneer of metal artifacts to the east of the historic Caddo occupation. Radiocarbon samples from the Nabedache A ul site came from charred hickory nutshells found in Unit (2 -2 cm bs) and from the organics inside the paste of a Patton Engraved sherd (with a triangular tick mark decorative element) found in Unit ( -cm bs).
The rst date (Beta-2 84 ) has a 2 sigma age range of A.D.
-, with intercepts of A.D. 8 , 74 , 8 , 3 , and . The other date-from the Patton Engraved sherd-has a 2 sigma age range of A.D. 4 -, with calibrated intercepts of A.D. 2 ,8 ,. Both calibrated dates leave open the possibility that the Nabedache A ul site was occupied to some extent early in the Allen phase (or even earlier), as well as later (when the majority of the European trade goods were obtained). Additional radiocarbon dates and/or thermoluminescence dates are likely necessary to better resolve the absolute age and duration of the occupation(s) at the Nabedache A ul site.
Shovel testing for the NPS in 2 in the McLean tract, on the east side of the San Pedro Creek valley and just south of Mission Tejas State Park, identi ed Historic Caddo archaeological deposits in only one area, despite the occurrence of alluvial rises, alluvial fan deposits, and other landforms considered to have the potential to contain Historic Caddo archaeological sites. This area is the southernmost part of the Nabedache A ul site (4 HO2 4), one of the Historic Nabedache Caddo habitation sites  that is on Texas Parks and Wildlife Department lands as well as private property. The site is on a colluvial bench (24 -2 feet amsl) (Figure 3 ).
The shovel tests found two plain bone-tempered Caddo pottery body sherds ( . -. mm) between -2 cm bs in ST 4 and ST . These are from two separate vessels red in a reducing environment and cooled in the open area.
A metal detector was employed during the 2 archaeological survey of the McLean tract previous investigations at the Nabedache A ul site had recovered 8 th century lead balls, lead sprue, an iron gun cock, a brass butt plate nial, cast iron kettle fragments, a brass tinkler, possible hand wrought nails, iron knife blade fragments, a brass trade kettle piece, a hand-forged iron band, an undecorated cupreous button, and various iron strips . However, the 2 metal detector investigations only recovered 2 th century metal artifacts (from ST -8)-such as a cotter pin, barbed wire, an iron plow part, a hitch pin, and pieces of wire. These are apparently a continuation of a concentration of 2 th century metal de ned near the Mission Tejas State Park fence line in Perttula and Nelson s (2 : Figure 2 ) work at the Nabedache A ul site.

41HO216, Butler Branch
The Butler Branch site is situated on a low rise (ca. 23 -232 feet amsl) in the San Pedro Creek oodplain ( Figure 3 ). The current channel of the creek runs along the site s northern edge. The site area is covered with tall canes, grasses, and hardwood trees. Perttula and Nelson (2 ) systematically metal detected a ca. s uare meter area of the rise, but no 7 th or 8 th century metal artifacts were recovered in this effort. There were only two metal detector hits within this area, and in one of the hits (MD ), no metal artifacts were actually recovered in the excavations at the hit spot.
Lithic artifacts (especially lithic debris) are broadly distributed across the Butler Branch site, being recovered in three of the ve shovel tests, one metal detector hit, and all of the x m units (see Table  ). These materials are particularly common on the southern part of the rise, where densities of more than 2-8 pieces per s uare meter are documented. On the northern part of the rise, lithic debris densities were pieces per s uare meter in Unit 3.
Ceramic sherds were recovered only in three of the x m units. They were most common in Unit and 4, with densities of -sherds per s uare meter, on the southern part of the rise. In Cooper and Cooper s (2 :48) work at the site, 33 of the 34 recovered sherds came from a x cm unit. This x cm unit was located just to the east of Units and 4 (see Figure 3 ), and it is likely (based on the descriptions of the sherds and Cooper and Cooper [2 : Figure 2 ]) that many of the sherds we recovered in Units and 4 are part of the same vessel sections recovered during the earlier work.
This small site (less than .3 acres) contains evidence of strati ed and buried archaeological deposits along the San Pedro Creek channel. The uppermost prehistoric component is a prehistoric Caddo occupation that Cooper and Cooper (2 ) thought dated to Middle and/or Late Caddo periods. A radiocarbon date on one of the recovered brushed sherds (28 cm bs in Unit 2) from this component has a

Timothy K. Perttula, Mark Walters, and Bo Nelson
At the re uest of John Tatum The earliest pottery in the collection is represented by about plain sandy paste sherds made by ancestral Caddo Indian people between about B.C. and A.D. 8 . There is also one incised and rocker-stamped body sherd made around A.D.
-4 that may have been part of a vessel that came from peoples living along the Red River or in the lower Mississippi Valley in Louisiana. The same sandy paste pottery is found over much of East Texas from the Neches River east and north to the Sabine River, as well as across a good part of Southeast Texas, all the way to the Gulf Coast. This is the earliest pottery made in East Texas and is identi ed as Bear Creek Plain or Goose Creek Plain, var. ns eci ed (see Story ). The culture that made this pottery is called Mossy Grove by archaeologists, and the Mossy Grove culture groups were relatively mobile hunter-gatherers who used pottery vessels to heat and cook plant and animal foods, including seeds, nut meats, and grains.
One Weches Fingernail Impressed sherd-with hori ontal incised lines on the rim that separated rows of half circle-shaped ngernail impressions-in the collection is evidence of a very limited Caddo use of the San Pedro Creek area between ca. A.D.
-2 (Table ). This is during the heyday of the Caddo settlement at the regionally important George C. Davis site (4 CE ), otherwise known as the Caddo Mounds State Historic Site a few miles east of Mission Tejas State Park situated on a large alluvial terrace of the Neches River.

Appliqued (n=1)
The remainder of the decorated sherds appear to be from the Allen phase Historic Caddo occupation of the San Pedro Creek area. This assemblage is dominated by Bullard Brushed jars decorated with brushing marks (7 percent) from the use of grass or frayed sticks to modify the exterior rim and body surfaces. Other decorations on utility ware vessels include incised lines ( .8 percent) drawn with a stick or bone (before a vessel was red) on Maydelle Incised jars punctations (either made with a nger, a tool such as a dowel, or a cut piece of cane, 8.7 percent) pinching ( .8 percent) on Killough Pinched vessels incised-punctated decorations ( percent) brushed-punctated ( . percent) brushing and an appli ued llet ( .2 percent) and appli ued ridges ( .2 percent).
Fine ware carinated bowls, bowls, and bottles in this collection are decorated with engraved lines (7. percent). These engraved lines were cut into the surface of vessels after they had been red or had been allowed to dry leather-hard, and then one or both vessel surfaces were well smoothed to polished with a pot polishing stone. The recogni able engraved types in the Cutler collection are Patton Engraved (n 4), Hume Engraved (n 2), and Poynor Engraved (n 3), as well as a decorated variety that has elements of both Patton Engraved and Poynor Engraved (n 4).
Engraved ceramic ne wares dominated by the types Patton Engraved, Hume Engraved, and Poynor Engraved are found on late 7 th to late 8 th century Hasinai Caddo sites in the Neches and Angelina River basins of East Texas, as are brushed utility ware jars. Given the general provenience of the Cutler collection to the San Pedro Creek valley and Mission Tejas State Park, it appears to be the case that the decorated ceramic vessel sherds in this collection are from Nabedache Caddo villages and settlements known to have been located along San Pedro Creek from ca. A.D. 8 (if not earlier) to the 83 s.

41HO263, Ivie #1
The Ivie # site was located in 2 (Perttula et al. 2 ) on a wooded sandy natural alluvial rise (24 feet amsl) along the edge of the San Pedro Creek oodplain ( Figure 32). The current channel of the creek lies a short distance to the east of the site, and there is also a small tributary to the creek just to the south of the rise. The site has been damaged by recent well pad construction, but shovel testing on the rise documented intact midden deposits on the area of the rise, as well as intact archaeological deposits in one shovel test (ST 24) that are preserved underneath (4 -8 cm bs) the disturbed well pad ll.
Based on the distribution of Caddo artifacts on the surface, and in seven shovel tests , the preserved remnants of the Ivie # site cover approximately 3 m 2 ( .7 acres). The archaeological deposits extend to at least 8 -cm bs. The density of artifacts in the shovel tests-principally lithic debris, charred nutshells, and Caddo pottery sherds-is considerable, at 27. artifacts per positive shovel test, or ca. 2 .8 artifacts per m 2 ( Table 7). The highest densities of artifacts are in ST 22,ST 2 ,ST ,and ST 23 at the southern end of the site (see Figure 32).

Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 68 (2016) 55
The Caddo pottery from the Ivie # site (n 88 sherds), including six rims, both plain (Figure 33a-b) and decorated, ve base sherds, and 77 body sherds, is primarily tempered with grog ( .8 percent of the sherds have some grog in the paste), but 24. percent of the sherds analy ed in detail also have either burned bone or hematite temper inclusions in the paste one sherd also has a notable amount of charred organics in the paste. The different proportions of temper used in vessel manufacture at the site are consistent with those from nearby Historic Caddo (Nabedache Caddo) sites at Mission Tejas State Park, with the exception that the use of crushed hematite temper is about percent higher at the Ivie # site than it is at the Nabedache Blanco and Nabedache A ul sites (Perttula and Nelson 2 : Figure 37 and Table 3).
The sherds are from vessels that were red predominantly in a low oxygen or reducing environment (7 . percent), with many of the vessels allowed to cool in the open air, leaving thin oxidi ed bands along either one or both vessel surfaces (cf. Teltser 3). Another 4.3 percent are from vessels red in a high oxygen or oxidi ing environment, and . percent of the sherds analy ed in detail from the Ivie # site are from vessels that were incompletely oxidi ed during ring. At the Nabedache Blanco and Nabedache A ul sites, the sherds are from vessels red in the same way as those from the Ivie # site, namely in a reducing environment ( 8.4-77. percent), with much lower proportions of sherds red in either an oxidi ing (7.7-3. percent) or incompletely oxidi ing ( 2. -3.4

percent) environment.
Both the temper and ring conditions data from the Ivie # sherds strongly suggest that the ceramics made and used there derive from the same Nabedache Caddo ceramic tradition more fully documented in late 7 th -mid-8 th century sites at nearby Mission Tejas State Park. The decorations on the sherds from the Ivie # site, as well as comparable plain to decorated sherd ratios (P/DR), attest to the use of virtually the same decorative practices on pottery vessels as had been noted at the nearby historic Nabedache Caddo sites (Perttula and Nelson 2 , 2 7a), particularly the heavy use of brushed vessels among the utility wares (Table 8), and similar proportions for most of the other kinds of utility wares (i.e., incised, punctated, and neck banded).  The only substantial difference between these San Pedro Creek Caddo sites is the absence of Patton Engraved ne ware sherds at the Ivie # site (among the four engraved sherds found there), and its ubiuity at the Historic Nabedache Caddo sites. If the absence of Patton Engraved at the Ivie # site is not simply a product of decorated sherd sample si e, but an accurate re ection that it was not made and used there-and we take the other measurements of very similar decorative methods into account (see Table  8), this would suggest that the Caddo occupation at the Ivie # site dates just prior to ca. A.D. , perhaps from ca. A.D.
-. Thus, the site may well have been occupied just prior to sustained European contact and the historic use of El Camino Real de los Tejas by the Caddo and European groups.
The ne ware sherds at the Ivie # site include two rim sherds and two body sherds. The rst rim has a series of closely-spaced hori ontal to diagonal engraved lines that probably encircle the vessel, while the second rim has both hori ontal and cross-hatched engraved lines on it (Figure 34e). Neither rim sherd, both from the surface, can be identi ed as a known East Texas Late Caddo or Historic Caddo ceramic type (see Suhm and Jelks 2).
The rst engraved body sherd has a single curvilinear engraved line. The second body sherd is from a bottle with a large central element that consists of a circle with crossed lines, with curvilinear engraved lines apparently encircling this central element (Figure 3 ). This bottle sherd may be from a Poynor Engraved vessel (see Kleinschmidt 82:Figures and 2 ). The Poynor Engraved type is principally found in Late  contexts in the Neches River basin, but has been found occasionally in Historic Caddo burial features in the region (Kleinschmidt 82: Table  Perttula 2 ).
Utility wares (n ) from the Ivie # site are dominated by brushed body sherds (n 27) from Bullard Brushed cooking and storage jars. These include 2 body sherds with parallel (or vertically oriented) brushing (see Figure 34c-d), ve with opposed brushing marks, one with overlapping brushing, and one with vertical brushing.  There are eight sherds from an unde ned type or types decorated with punctations. Several (n 4) have rows of tool punctations or rows of ngernail punctations (n ), one has alternate rows of crescent-shaped punctations (see Figure 3 d), a rim has rows of circular punctations (see Figure 3 b), and one has only a single punctation on a body sherd.
One of the seven incised body sherds collected from the surface or in the shovel testing of the Ivie # site may be from a Maydelle Incised jar. It has a series of broad opposed diagonal incised lines (see Figure  34b). Other decorative elements represented in the incised sherds that may also be from Maydelle Incised vessels include parallel incised lines (n 2), opposed incised lines (n 2, see  There are two body sherds with incised-punctated decorations in the Ivie # sherd assemblage. The rst of these has opposed incised lines that are intersected by a row of tool punctations, while the second body sherd has a single straight incised line adjacent to a one of tool punctations. The two neck banded sherds (see Figure 3 a) are from La Rue Neck Banded jars that have hori ontal crimped or neck banded rows on the vessel rim.
The lithic debris from the Ivie # site attests to the manufacture of chipped stone tools during the Caddo occupation of the site, as there is no evidence of an earlier pre-ceramic Archaic or Woodland period ceramic-bearing occupation. In addition to lithic debris, there are three small pieces of re-cracked rock from three of the shovel tests (see Table 7). This point is made from a local petri ed wood, has been unifacially aked to shape, and has slightly downward-pointing barbs ( Figure 37). It is . mm in length, 3.8 mm in width, 2. mm thickness, and has a .4 mm stem width.
Raw materials represented in the lithic debris assemblage include the following local materials: petri ed wood (n 2 ), uart ite (n 28), Glover uart ite (n 7 , see Perttula and Nelson [2 ] for a discussion concerning this distinctive Neches River basin raw material), ferruginous sandstone (n ), and red chert (n 3). These raw materials comprise . percent of the lithic debris from the Ivie # site. Probable non-local lithic raw materials (most likely from Central Texas source areas or expansive gravel deposits east of the Edwards Plateau) in the lithic debris are: light gray chert (n 4), translucent gray chert (n ), gray chert (n 4), grayish-brown chert (n 2), white chert (n ), and yellowish-gray chert (n 2). These much rarer tool stones account for . percent of the lithic debris sample.
Charred hickory nutshells (n 2 ) and wood charcoal (n ) are relatively common in the archaeological deposits at the Ivie # site, due to the enhanced preservation conditions found in the midden deposits. Their presence also suggests that there may be pit features or other areas of concentrated charred organic remains at the site.

Faunal Remains, by LeeAnna Schniebs
Shovel testing at the Ivie # site yielded 22 faunal specimens (Table ). They were recovered from ve levels in six shovel tests. The sample is comprised of indeterminate vertebrate, deer, and large mammal remains, with a combined weight of .7 grams. Eleven pieces are burned. The bones are highly fragmented, preventing speci c identi cation in most cases deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the only identi able animal. Few interpretations can be made except that the Caddo supplemented their diet by hunting, and that deer was the primary meat source they were hunted in the wooded edges of East Texas. The presence of cranial elements (antler, tooth fragments, petrous) and leg bones (metapodial and maleolus) suggests that the bones came from a kill site. Often the animal was killed and butchered/processed at one location, and the meatier parts of the animal were taken back to another area for preparation, cooking, and consumption. Further investigations at the site would provide more information as to the subsistence practices of the Late Caddo populations that lived in the upper Neches River basin, and also provide a point of contrast with the use and hunting of game animals on Historic Caddo sites.

41HO264, Ivie #2
The Ivie #2 site is situated on a sandy rise (23 feet amsl) at the edge of the San Pedro Creek oodplain (see Figure 32). The rise is in a maintained pasture, cultivated for winter grasses, with good (4 percent) surface visibility. A small tributary to San Pedro Creek is about m to the north.
In addition to numerous prehistoric Caddo artifacts that were visible on the surface of the site, three shovel tests were excavated on the rise to determine if there were intact archaeological deposits preserved on the landform. Each of the shovel tests had prehistoric artifacts to cm bs (   Table ). The Gary point was made from a heat-treated local uart ite. Measurements of the stem width ( 2. mm) and thickness ( .4 mm) suggest that the Ivie #2 point is an example of a Gary, var. Camden point, the latest of the Woodland period Gary points, estimated by Schambach ( 82,8) to date from ca. 7 -2 B.P.
The seven ceramic sherds (six body sherds and one base sherd) found at the Ivie #2 site are tempered primarily with grog (crushed sherds or red clay), with the regular use of both crushed bone and hematite aplastics. The sherds are from vessels red primarily in a low oxygen or reducing environment (7 percent), but two body sherds were from a vessel (or vessels) that was incompletely oxidi ed during ring (cf. Teltser 3). The sherds are apparently from relatively large vessels, based on body sherd wall thickness values that range from .8-. mm the one at base sherd is .2 mm thick.
Four of the body sherds from the Ivie #2 site are decorated: two with rows of tool punctations (Figure 38a) one with closely-spaced parallel incised lines and a fourth sherd with parallel brushing marks ( Figure 38b). None of the sherds are suf ciently large in si e, or on those parts of vessels, that would allow them to be typologically identi ed. Nevertheless, the presence of brushed sherds in the small ceramic assemblage is indicative of a Caddo occupation that could have started in Middle Caddo period times (ca. A.D. 2 -4 ), but it is more likely that the Caddo occupation took place sometime after ca. A.D.
4 . Brushed utility ware pottery is prevalent only after ca. A.D. 4 in this part of the Neches River basin (see Perttula and Nelson 2 ,2 7a), and is particularly abundant in Historic Caddo Allen phase components. In Historic Caddo components investigated at Mission Tejas State Park, directly east of the Area A survey tract (see Figure 32), brushed pottery comprises between 3-7 percent of all the sherds at the Nabedache Blanco (4 HO2 ) and Nabedache A ul (4 HO2 4) sites. Lithic debris was common on the surface of the Ivie #2 site as well as in each of the three positive shovel tests. Materials represented in the lithic debris includes both local-uart ite (n 8, sometimes heat-treated), Glover uart ite (n 27), hematite (n ), red chert (n ), uart (n ), and petri ed wood (n 7)-and non-local (i.e., Central Texas) sources. Among the latter are brownish-gray chert (n ), grayish-brown chert (n ), dark gray chert (n 3), translucent gray chert (n 2), gray chert (n 2), and light gray chert (n 2). Local raw materials comprise 8 percent of the lithic debris from the Ivie #2 site these raw materials were gathered from both local stream gravel and bedrock sources, based on cortical pieces having either stream-rolled or bedrock-roughened surfaces.
Wood charcoal was also noted between 2 -cm bs in ST 2 and ST 27 at the Ivie #2 site (see Perttula et al. 2 : Table A2.2).

Synthesis of Caddo Settlement and Use of the San Pedro Creek Valley
There are 7 ancestral Caddo sites and/or components known in the San Pedro Creek valley (as of October 2 ) in the Neches River basin in East Texas. These sites were primarily found either during a 44 archaeological reconnaissance of part of the valley by Alex D. Krieger of The University of Texas, or during several archaeological survey and test excavation projects conducted at Mission Tejas State Park, and they are concentrated in the eastern part of the valley near the con uence of San Pedro Creek and the Neches River.
The rst documented aboriginal use of the valley was during the Middle Archaic period, as several ca.
years B.P. Calf Creek dart points are known to have been found at the George Moore # b site (4 HO 4). Five sites have evidence of Woodland period settlement dating between ca.
B.C. and A.D. 8 , including Gary dart points and/or Goose Creek Plain, var. uns eci ed sandy paste ceramic sherds. One of the sites, Butler Branch (4 HO2 ), has a buried Woodland period component with a calibrated 2 sigma age range on charred nutshells of A.D. 4 -.
There is a single Middle Caddo period settlement also known at the Butler Branch site in the San Pedro Creek valley. The occupation there dates between cal. A.D. 2 -2 . Five of the San Pedro Creek Caddo sites date to the Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 4 -8 ) and the Frankston phase, indicative of the rst intensive and wide-ranging settlement and use of the valley by Caddo peoples these peoples appear to be ancestral Nabedache Caddo. However, the peak in the Caddo settlement and use of the San Pedro Creek valley took place after ca. A.D. 8 by Nabedache Caddo groups: of the known sites in the valley have occupations by historic Nabedache peoples they are part of the Nabedache cluster of historic Allen phase sites in East Texas ( Figure 3 ). To date, no archaeological evidence of the -3 Spanish mission of San Francisco de los Tejas has been found in the San Pedro Creek valley. As far as can be determined by the material culture evidence, these Nabedache Caddo sites were occupied between ca. A.D. 8 and A.D. 7 , and they are marked by both traditional Caddo ceramic vessel sherds and a diverse assortment of European trade goods, including glass beads and metal goods. It is likely that there are later 8 th century Nabedache Caddo archaeological sites in the San Pedro Creek valley, but they have yet to be found.
Based on historic and archival documents, there were also th century Caddo settlements in the San Pedro Creek valley, although none have been recorded by archaeologists. One such area of known early th century Caddo settlements is on Grass House Prairie on the upper reaches of San Pedro Creek where it is crossed by several routes of the El Camino Real de los Tejas. The "Grass House Prairie" was apparently named by land surveyors and perhaps as well as members of the Republic of Texas militia during various campaigns against East Texas Caddo groups (see , who attempted to burn out a Caddo village of grass-and thatch-covered Caddo houses there (Bob D. Skiles, May 2 personal communication). An early account by John Holland Jenkins stated that: in 83 or 84 , [Gen. Edward] Burleson was returning from an unsuccessful Indian campaign when one of his men proposed leading the way to a village of Tejas Indians, a hostile tribe that covered their tents or wigwams with grass. Burleson with the main army paid no special attention to the information and came on home, but twelve or thirteen men volunteered to accompany the self-appointed guide, anxious for the excitement and adventure as well as the plunder they might secure They struck off to burn the village with its roofs of dry grass. On their way, however, while they were cutting a bee tree, they were surprised and attacked by a large band of Indians.
Taking refuge in a hollow, they fought faithfully and kept the Indians off. But the savages nally set re to the grass surrounding them and they were compelled to retreat. Nearly all of them were killed, but the dense smoke concealed a few, who escaped (Jenkins 87: 8 ).
Grass House Prairie, also known as Murchison s Prairie after the name of an 84 s Anglo-American settler, is a natural prairie on the north side of San Pedro Creek (see Figure 4 ). According to Kennedy ( 8 2:2 ): Murchison s prairie comprises an area of about two miles s uare, extending over a greater portion of the Jose Maria Procella league, and a portion of the northeastern corner of the Stephen Rodgers headright. Unlike the prairie regions of the southern portion of the county, Murchison s prairie does not owe its existence to lacustrine formation. This prairie, which lies somewhat lower than the surrounding country, appears to owe its prairie origin and general absence of trees to the impervious nature of the subsoils trees are springing up and encroaching upon the treeless area. Like the prairies in the southern portion of the county, Murchison s prairie will, in a few years, be as well wooded as the surrounding country.

Summary and Conclusions
Archaeological work over the years, beginning with Alex Krieger s reconnaissance in 44, has identi ed a number of Caddo sites of post-A.D. 8 s age along San Pedro Creek in Houston County, Texas. There are also ancestral Caddo sites along the creek that date prior to European contact, indicating that the lower course of the creek was home to Caddo peoples by ca. A.D. 4 , if not earlier several of the sites also have either Archaic or Woodland period artifacts, hinting at the rst uses of the San Pedro Creek valley. Archival sources and historic maps of the San Pedro Creek area and East Texas ( Figure  4 ) indicate that these Caddo sites on an eastward-owing tributary to the Neches River are the material remains of Nabedache Caddo habitation sites and cemeteries. In addition to a variety of ceramic vessel sherds and chipped stone artifacts, these sites also contain a wide range of European trade goods that were obtained from Spanish and French traders, colonists, and missionaries.
It is known that the Spanish constructed the rst mission in among the Nabedache Caddo peoples living on San Pedro Creek, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas, but the archaeological remains of the mission compound have yet to be found. Historical and archival information indicates that the mission was about miles upstream on San Pedro Creek from its con uence with the Neches River, in an area that has received almost no archaeological survey investigations in the last 4 years. This would place the mission well upstream from the Nabedache Caddo sites identi ed and discussed in this article. These sites are nevertheless part of the community the Spanish referred to as San Pedro de los Nabedaches. I hope that a concerted archaeological and historical/archival research effort can be mounted in the years to come that focuses on de ning the ancestral Caddo community of San Pedro de los Nabedaches. The purposes of that effort would be to not only locate the -3 Mission San Francisco de los Tejas on San Pedro Creek, but would be to also obtain more detailed information on the archaeological character of the associated pre-and post-A.D.
Nabedache sites and community preserved along the creek.  Figure 4 . The Nabedache Caddo in East Texas: Historic Caddo sites and associated phases in East Texas, and the reported locations of Caddo villages and communities.