Incised–Punctated Utility Ware Sherds from Lake Sam Rayburn Incised–Punctated Utility Ware Sherds from Lake Sam Rayburn Ancestral Caddo Sites Ancestral Caddo Sites

One of the more distinctive of the decorative methods represented in the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from Lake Sam Rayburn sites is sherds and vessels with incised–punctated decorative elements. This diversity in the range and character of sherds and vessels with incised–punctated decorative elements is also the case in ancestral Caddo sites on the Sabine River and tributaries in the Toledo Bend Reservoir area of East Texas and Northwest Louisiana. Jelks included the incised–punctated vessels and sherds from the Lake Sam Rayburn sites in a newly defined type: Pineland Punctated–Incised. Pineland Punctated– Incised is a grog and/or bone–tempered utility ware, and occurs primarily as beaker–shaped jars as well as ollas and deep bowls. The vessels have concentric, triangular, rectangular, and curvilinear incised zones on the rim filled with tool punctation. Ollas and bowls have design elements on the vessel bodies. At Lake Sam Rayburn sites, Pineland Punctated–Incised sherds and vessels occur in both Middle Caddo (ca. A.D. 1200–1400/1450) and Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1400/1450–1680) contexts. Based on the analyses discussed below, incised–punctated utility wares are most abundant in later Middle Caddo period components estimated to date from ca. A.D. 1300–1400/1450, and least common in post–A.D. 1400/ 1450 Late Caddo period components.


INTRODUCTION
One of the more distinctive of the decorative methods represented in the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from Lake Sam Rayburn sites is sherds and vessels with incised-punctated decorative elements. This diversity in the range and character of sherds and vessels with incised-punctated decorative elements is also the case in ancestral Caddo sites on the Sabine River and tributaries in the Toledo Bend Reservoir area of East Texas and Northwest Louisiana (Perttula 2015;Perttula and Walters 2015). Jelks (1965:119-122 and Figure 61a-g) included the incised-punctated vessels and sherds from the Lake Sam Rayburn sites in a newly de ned type: Pineland Punctated-ncised ( Figure 1). Pineland Punctated-Incised is a grog and/or bone-tempered utility ware, and occurs primarily as beaker-shaped jars as well as ollas and deep bowls. The vessels have concentric, triangular, rectangular, and curvilinear incised ones on the rim lled with tool punctations (Figure 1). Ollas and bowls have design elements on the vessel bodies (see Jelks 1965: Figure 61d, g). At Lake Sam Rayburn sites, Pineland Punctated-Incised sherds and vessels occur in both Middle Caddo (ca. A.D. 1200-1400/1450) and Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1400Caddo (ca. A.D. /1450Caddo (ca. A.D. -1680 contexts. Based on the analyses discussed below, incised-punctated utility wares are most abundant in later Middle Caddo period components estimated to date from ca. A.D. 1300-1400/1450, and least common in post-A.D. 1400/1450 Late Caddo period components.

Utility Ware Assemblages
Vessels and sherds with incised-punctated decorative motifs and elements are a consistent part of the assemblage of utility wares in the Lake Sam Rayburn sites, along with vessels and sherds with brushed, incised, and punctated decorative elements (Table 1; see Jelks 1965). In Lake Sam Rayburn assemblages with more than 169 decorated utility ware sherds, sherds with incised-punctated decorative elements comprise between 3.5-13.2 percent of the utility ware sherd assemblages. The sites with the highest proportion of incised-punctated sherds in the utility ware assemblages are Blount (13.2 percent) and Sawmill (10.0 percent).  203  2112  1740  166  71  4292  Etoile  176  1174  316  390  70  2126  Blount  121  332  255  208  4  920  Wylie Price  73  570  119  87  82  931  McElroy  54  325  497  140  10  1126  Print Bell  40  53  337  46  9  485  Brink Powell  6  104  43  7  9  169  Sowell  3  11  29  13  1  57  Runnells #1  1  -6  --7   Totals  977  5636  4281  1746  357  13097 PPI=Pineland Punctated-Incised; BB=Broaddus Brushed; I=miscellaneous incised; P=miscellaneous punctated; I-P-B: sherds with "various combinations of incising, punctating, and brushing…as well as a few unusual appliqued and corrugated sherds" (Jelks 1965:132). Middlebrook (1994: Figure 4) has used differences in the relative proportion of brushed versus incised-punctated sherds in local assemblages to differentiate sites by age and af liation: early (ca. A.D. 1200-1400/1450) versus late (ca. A.D. 1400/1450-1680) Angelina phase. In these groupings, incised-punctated sherds are more common in the early Angelina phase sites relative to brushed sherds, and the converse is the case in late Angelina phase sites (Middlebrook 1994:29). How the style of these incised-punctated vessels and vessel sherds may have changed through time is of particular relevance in this study of the incised-punctated sherds from Lake Sam Rayburn sites, as well as whether it is possible to identify distinct varieties of incised-punctated sherds that may have chronological signi cance in these Middle and Late Caddo period sites.

Lake Sam Rayburn Sites
The incised-punctated sherds from the Lake Sam Rayburn sites are in the collections of the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL); based on examined sherd samples, there are incised-punctated sherds currently unaccounted for in the assemblages available for study. In addition to sorting the incised-punctated sherds by temper and sherd type (i.e., rim and body) from nine different site sherd assemblages, of particular concern was the identi cation of distinctive motifs and decorative elements on these vessel sherds in each site assemblage. The 21 vessels from Lake Sam Rayburn sites were also documented, and there is one incised-punctated-brushed jar and an incised-punctated carinated bowl from the Walter Bell site (Perttula and Walters 2016:Figures 4-5), and a shell-tempered incised-punctated jar from the Wylie Price site (Perttula and Walters 2016: Figure 9).
In the case of the few Etoile site sherds with incised-punctated decorative elements (Table 2), these body sherds have either parallel incised lines with punctated rows between sets of lines ( Figure 2a-b), or straight lines with an adjacent tool punctated row. One body sherd has parallel and diagonal incised lines with a row of linear tool punctates pushed through the incised lines ( Figure 2c)  Figure 3a); these may be from Maydelle Incised vessels (see Suhm and Jelks 1962), although Jelks (1965) subsumes this decorative motif within the Pineland Punctated-Incised type; below we classify such sherds as Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Powell. The other incised-punctated rim sherd has horizontal incised zones or panels lled with punctations ( Figure 3b).  The sample of incised-punctated rim and body sherds in the TARL collection from the Print Bell site includes 12 rims and 38 body sherds (Table 4)   Other incised-punctated rims in the Print Bell site utility wares have triangle elements lled with tool punctations (see Figure 4f) or triangular and curvilinear incised zones lled with tool punctations (see Figure  4g). Several of the rims have semi-circular incised zones lled with punctates (see Figure 4h-i); these are identi ed below as Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Bell.
Body sherds from the Print Bell site with incised-punctated decorative elements have sets of parallel lines or parallel incised panels with tool or circular punctations between the incised lines (Figure 5d-e). Others have horizontal incised lines and a tool punctate-lled triangle element (Figure 5c), incised triangles lled with punctations, or horizontal and diagonal incised lines above a row of tool punctations (Figure 5b). One body sherd has a series of diagonal incised lines with vertically-oriented linear tool punctations (Figure 5a).
Including both rim and body sherds, the principal incised-punctated decorative element at the Walter Bell site is incised triangles (formed by opposed sets of diagonal incised lines) lled with punctations (Table 5 and Figure 6b, g). Related to this are sherds with diagonal lines or panels lled with punctations ( Figure 6a).    Other rims have a curvilinear zone lled with tool punctates (see Figure 6c), or horizontal rows of punctations below a horizontal line beneath the vessel lip. The last rim has a row of tool punctations below the vessel lip, and one diagonal incised line on the rim itself.
Four lower rim-body sherds from jars have horizontal incised lines on the rim and multiple tool punctated rows on the vessel body. In addition to the body sherds with incised triangle elements lled with punctations, there are several that have parallel incised lines and an adjacent tool punctated zone (see Table 5). One has parallel incised panels lled with tool punctations (see Figure 6e), and two others have rectilinear incised panels lled with tool punctates and a related parallel row of tool punctates (see Figure 6d). One body sherd has a curvilinear incised zone lled with small tool punctations (see Figure 6f). One of the incised-punctated body sherds from the Walter Bell site may be from a Pease Brushed-Incised jar. It has vertical and diagonal opposed incised lines and vertical tool punctated rows paralleling a vertical incised line (see Figure 6h).
The few incised-punctated rim and body sherds from the Roger Sowell site are from jars. The one rim has an incised triangle element, de ned by opposed diagonal incised lines, that is lled with tool punctations (Table 6). A lower rim sherd from the E. E. Runnells No. 1 site (41SA87) from a grog-tempered jar has a series of closely-spaced horizontal incised lines above a single row of diagonal tool punctations (Figure 7a).
The Sawmill site incised-punctated rim sherds have several with diagonal lines or diagonal panels lled with punctations (Figure 8b-c and Table 7) as well as another with a curvilinear incised zone lled with circular punctates. One large rim (Figure 8a) from the site has semi-circular and curvilinear lines and zones lled with tool punctates, and there is a rim with a single horizontal line above a row of large circular punctates (Figure 8d).  One of the incised-punctated rim sherds from the Sawmill site is from a Weches Fingernail Impressed, var. Weches jar (see Figure 8g), which suggests use of the site prior to ca. A.D. 1300. This sherd has crescent-shaped ngernail punctations that are bounded by a series of horizontal incised lines (Stokes and Woodring 1981:181).
Distinctive incised-punctated body sherds have triangular elements lled with small circular punctates (see Figure 8e) or have curvilinear line and adjacent curvilinear zones lled with circular punctates. One lower rim-body sherd has horizontal and cross-hatched incised lines on the rim and rows of large tool punctations on the vessel body (see Figure 8f). There are three incised-punctated body sherds in the TARL collections from the Wylie Price site (Table  8). These include one with a curvilinear incised panel lled with linear tool punctates ( Figure 9a) and another with horizontal and vertical incised zones lled with circular punctates (Figure 9b). The largest sample of incised-punctated sherds in the Lake Sam Rayburn collections at TARL is from the Blount site: the assemblage includes 24 rim sherds and 100 body sherds (Table 9). The largest number of rim sherds have incised triangles lled with punctations (Figure 10a-c), and there are also several rims with either circular or curvilinear incised zones, sometimes in association with semi-circular zones, lled with punctations (Figure 10d-g).

Decorative Method/Element
Rim Body N Incised-Punctated circular incised line and adjacent rows of tool 1 -1 punctates and horizontal and vertical punctated rows circular incised zone lled with tool punctates -3 3 Figure 9. Selected incised-punctated body sherds from the Wylie Price site.  There are also diagonal incised panels on rim sherds that are lled with punctations (see Figure 10h-i), along with a rim with semi-circular and triangular zones lled with tool punctates (see Figure 10j). Another distinctive incised-punctated decorative element on the rim sherds from the Blount site is vertical incised panels either plain or lled with vertical tool punctated rows; this is categorized below as Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Blount.
Body sherds have similar incised-punctated decorative elements, ranging from diagonal panels to incised circular zones lled with punctations (Figure 11a-c). Others have curvilinear and semi-circular incised zones or panels lled with punctations (Figure 11d-f). One body sherd has parallel incised panels lled with linear tool punctations (Figure 11g).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Incised-punctated sherds and vessels are among the most distinctive of the utility ware ceramics found on ancestral Caddo sites at Lake Sam Rayburn, although they are not the most common utility ware; overall, sherds with brushed decorative elements are the most common utility wares. Jelks (1965) had included the incised-punctated sherds from the Lake Sam Rayburn sites in his Pineland Punctated-Incised type, while the brushed sherds comprise his Broaddus Brushed type.
Our analysis of the incised-punctated rim and body sherds in the Lake Sam Rayburn site collections held by the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin indicates that there is a diverse set of incised-punctated decorative elements represented in the various assemblages. They can be sorted into seven analytical categories (not including un-oriented body sherds with parallel or straight incised lines and adjacent punctated zones or rows) based on the character of the incised zones or panels that are lled with punctations: circular, curvilinear, diagonal, horizontal, semi-circular, triangular, and vertical. The most common decorative elements are triangular incised zones lled with punctations (37 percent of the rim sherds), as well as horizontal zones/panels (22 percent of the rim sherds), and diagonal zones or panels (16.7 percent of the rim sherds). Do these different incised-punctated decorative elements have temporal signi cance   (2016) 17 Sherds from brushed utility ware vessels, particularly jars, are a distinctive characteristic of both Middle, Late, and Historic Caddo sites in much of East Texas. It also appears to be the case that the relative proportions of brushed utility wares increase through time from its initial appearance around ca. A.D. 1200 in those areas where brushed vessels were made and used, such that sherds with brushing marks may comprise as much as 90 percent of all the decorated sherds in some post-A.D. 1400 East Texas ceramic assemblages. Brushed sherds are present in each of the Lake Sam Rayburn sites (see Table 1), and it is likely the case that each of the sites were occupied by Caddo peoples after ca. A.D. 1200. The proportions of brushed sherds, as well as plain/brushed sherd ratios (see Middlebrook 1994), in the assemblages allow them to be sorted into three groups that are considered to have temporal signi cance: These groups are employed to examine if there are differences in the decorative elements recognized in the incised-punctated sherds in the various Lake Sam Rayburn utility ware assemblages. The focus is on rim sherds from the Brink Powell, Walter Bell, Sawmill, Blount, and Print Bell sites.
As Table 10 indicates, there are differences in the incised-punctated decorative elements by proposed temporal groupings of the Lake Sam Rayburn assemblages. In the oldest assemblage, in what is now recently labeled the Blount phase (Tom Middlebrook, April 20, 2015 personal communication), incised-punctated rim sherds with horizontal zones/panels (Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Print) and semi-circular zones (Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Bell) are predominant. The later components in the Blount phase-the Sawmill and Blount sites-are distinctive in having incised-punctated sherds with circular zones and vertical panels (Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Blount), as well as incised-punctated sherds with circular incised zones lled with punctations (Table 10); ngernail punctated elements are common in the Sawmill site assemblage (see Table 7). Sherds with curvilinear incised zones are also most common in this second grouping (Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Sawmill). Rim sherds with incised triangles lled with punctations are present in all three site groupings, but are particularly common in the latest site assemblages, of the Late Caddo Bell phase (Tom Middlebrook, April 20, 2015 personal communication). They account for more than 54 percent of the rim sherds (see Table 10). These rims are classi ed as Pineland Punctated-Incised, var. Powell. In conclusion, the incised-punctated sherds from utility ware vessels at ancestral Caddo sites in the Angelina River basin in East Texas have distinctive stylistic characteristics. These characteristics-in particular the form of the incised zones or panels that are lled with punctations (primarily tool punctates, but circular and ngernail punctates are also noted in some decorative elements)-appear to change continuously through time, from ca. A.D. 1200 to after ca. A.D. 1400/1450. The earliest ceramic assemblage is dominated by incised-punctated sherds with either horizontal zones/panels and semi-circular zones, while the post-A.D. 1400/1450 incised-punctated sherds have primarily incised triangle zones lled with punctations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Lance Trask prepared the gures in this article. Thanks to the staff at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin for access to the collections from the Lake Sam Rayburn sites.