Documentation of the Native American Ceramic Vessels from Northeastern Texas, Southern Arkansas, and Eastern Oklahoma in the Boyce Smith Museum in Troup, Texas

Cite this Record Perttula, Timothy K.; Walters, Mark; and Nelson, Bo (2009) "Documentation of the Native American Ceramic Vessels from Northeastern Texas, Southern Arkansas, and Eastern Oklahoma in the Boyce Smith Museum in Troup, Texas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2009, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.21112/ita.2009.1.18 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2009/iss1/18


INTRODUCTION
The Boyce Smith Museum opened in 1968 with the purpose of displaying a large collection of Historic artifacts as well as Native American artifacts collected and/or purchased over the years by Mr. Boyce Smith of Troup, Texas, now deceased. After learning of the museum in 2002, and taking a short visit to the museum at that time, it was apparent that the Boyce Smith Museum contained an important collection of Native American ceramic vessels that warranted documentation. With the permission of Jo Beth Smith, the wife of Boyce Smith, and their son Rial Smith, we returned to the Boyce Smith Museum on December [10][11]2007, to document 157 ceramic vessels from Caddo sites in eight counties in Northeastern Texas (n=136), Caddo and Mississippian sites in five counties in southern Arkansas (n=20), and from the Spiro site in LeFlore County, in eastern Oklahoma (n=1) (Figure 1 and Table 1). In almost all instances, the only available provenience information for the vessels in the Boyce Smith Museum is the state and county, although in a very few cases, a specific site and/or location within a county is included in Mr. Smith's collection notes.   It is our intent to make this information on the ceramic vessels from the Boyce Smith collections a part of the public record. We believe that there is important information to be gained as a result of this effort that will be of benefit in increasing knowledge of the archaeology of these regions of Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Private collections are very vulnerable to the possibility of being sold, or broken up, and there are few options for the holders of these collections to ensure that they remain together and also be available for future study. Because the publication of this documentation effort involves a sizable expense for report formatting and printing, and the funding for these publication efforts remain uncertain, we are publishing this report and accompanying figures and photographs on a CD for distribution to those primarily interested in Caddo archeology.

METHODS OF VESSEL DOCUMENTATION
For this ceramic vessel study, we established a documentation protocol to assist in the analysis of each of the vessels from the different counties in the Boyce Smith Museum. Each of the ceramic vessels is described and analyzed utilizing a consistent set of morphological, functional, and stylistic attributes modeled after the presentations in Cast et al. (2006); Gadus and Fields (1996); Gonzalez et al. (2005), Perttula et al. (1998Perttula et al. ( , 2008, Perttula (2009), and Perttula (2005, ed.). The purpose of the documentation is to thoroughly characterize the character of each of the ceramic vessels in the collections. The sections that follow provide a summary of the completed vessel recordation forms from 14 counties in Northeastern Texas, southern Arkansas, and LeFlore County in eastern Oklahoma (see Figure 1), as well as selected vessel photographic illustrations.
The following attributes were employed in the ceramic vessel study: Non-plastics: Deliberate and indeterminate materials in the paste (Rice 1987:411), including a variety of tempers (grog or crushed sherds, bone, hematite, shell, quartz sands, etc.) and "particulate matter of some size." The grog, bone, and hematite nonplastics appear to have been deliberately added to the paste as tempers. The bone used for temper had been burned and calcined, then crushed, before it was added to the paste.
Vessel Form: The principal vessel form categories include open containers (bowls, carinated bowls, and compound bowls) and restricted containers, including jars and bottles of several shapes and sizes. As restricted containers, jars allow access by hand, but bottles do not (Brown 1996:335). Another important vessel form, at least in burial contexts, is the effigy bowl with a modeled head (usually a bird or duck head) and a tab tail. Occasionally, an effigy vessel will have a broader tab tail that supported a anthropomorphic or zoomorphic tail rider (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 24k). There are also several vessels with legs or clay supports.
Additional form attributes that were recorded on each of the vessels (depending upon their completeness) include the rim profile (outflaring or everted, vertical or standing, and inverted), lip profile (rolled to the exterior, rounded, flat, or thinned), and base shape (flat or rounded).
Core Colors: Observations on ceramic cross-section colors permit consideration of oxidation patterns (Teltser 1993: Figure 2A-H; Perttula 2005, ed.), and thus the conditions under which the vessel was fired and then cooled after firing. Comments are included for these attributes on the presence and location of fire-clouding, sooting or smudging from cooking use (Skibo 1992), and the preservation and location of charred organic remains/residues. Wall Thickness: Thickness was recorded in millimeters, using a vernier caliper, at the lip, along the rim, at several points along the body, and at the base when possible (only for the vessels that were not complete).
Interior and Exterior Surface Treatment: The primary methods of finishing the surface of the vessel include smoothing, burnishing, and polishing (Rice 1987:138). Brushing is a popular method of roughening the surface (particularly the body) of large and small Middle Caddo (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) and Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1400-1680) period cooking jars and other utility wares over much of the Caddo area, but is here considered a decorative treatment rather than solely a functional surface treatment (cf. Rice 1987:138), although not all Caddo ceramic analysts treat brushing as a decorative treatment (cf. Gadus et al. 2006:31). In certain fine ware vessels, brushed bodies accompanied engraved rim panels. Smoothing creates "a finer and more regular surface… [and] has a matte rather than a lustrous finish" (Rice 1987:138). Burnishing, on the other hand, creates an irregular lustrous finish marked by parallel facets left by the burnishing tool (perhaps a pebble or bone). A polished surface treatment is marked by a uniform and highly lustrous surface finish, done when the vessel is dry, but without "the pronounced parallel facets produced by burnishing leather-hard clay" (Rice 1987:138).
The application of a hematite-rich clay slip (Ferring and Perttula 1987), either red or black after firing in an oxidizing or reducing (i.e., low-oxygen) environment, is another form of surface treatment noted in these vessel assemblages, albeit very rarely. The clay slip is more frequently applied on the vessel exterior than on the interior surface, and then was either burnished or polished after it was leather-hard or dry.
Height and Orifice Diameter: These attributes, measured in centimeters, were recorded with a ruler.
Diameter at Bottom of Rim and Base Diameter: Also recorded in millimeters using a ruler, these attributes permit characterization of the overall contour and shape of the vessel.
Volume: Vessel volume in liters was determined by filling (to within 1 mm of the lip) the vessel with lentil seeds, then dumping the lentil seeds in containers of known volume. In estimating the volume of vessels with holes, the vessel was first filled with a cloth that conformed to vessel contours, then the lentil seeds were poured into the depression in the cloth to within 1 mm of the top of the lip. Then they were dumped into containers of known volume. In cases where the vessels were not (or could not) be reconstructed, but measurements of height and orifice diameter were be obtained, volumes were estimated by comparison with known vessel volumes of specific forms (i.e., carinated bowl, jar, bottle, compound bowl, and bowl) in other documented Caddo vessel assemblages.
Decoration: Decorative techniques present in the vessel collections from counties in Northeastern Texas and Arkansas include engraving and excising, incising, punctating, pinching, stamping, lip notching, brushing, neck banding, and appliquéing, and on certain vessels, combinations of decorative techniques (i.e., brushed-punctated) created the decorative elements and motifs. Engraving and lip notching was done with a sharp tool when the vessel was either leather-hard, or after it was fired, while the other decorative techniques were executed with tools (stamping, incising, and punctation), by adding strips of clay to the wet body (appliqué), by crimping the coils (neck banding), using frayed sticks or grass stems (brushing) dragged across the body surface, or fingernails (certain forms of punctations and pinching), when the vessel was wet or still plastic. Excising is considered a form of engraved decoration, where the clay is deliberately and closely marked/scraped and carved away with a sharp tool, usually to create triangular elements (the pendant triangle or small tick marks) or crescent-shaped elements that separate or serve to define scrolls (Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 64a-b, f).
A red clay film or wash was added to the surface of some vessels as a slip before they were fired. Another form of vessel decoration is the use of red (hematite or ochre) or white (kaolin clay) clay pigments that have been smeared, impressed, or rubbed into the engraved lines of certain vessels.
Type: The kinds of named ceramic types in these collections follow primarily the work of Suhm and Jelks (1962), Thurmond (1990), Webb (1959), and Kleinschmidt (1982), as well as new types (Hood Engraved) and varieties of Poynor Engraved defined by Perttula (2008,2009).
In the sections that follow in this report, we first discuss the archeological character of the vessels found in the different counties represented in the collection. Then, this vessel data is employed to make regional and temporal comparisons of the kinds of decorative motifs and elements found on the different kinds of vessel forms, followed by assemblage-level considerations of vessel form, vessel size, use of temper, and firing conditions, as well as the use of pigments, from mortuary vessels of different ages and ceramic traditions in Northeastern Texas, southern Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma (see Figure 1).

Red River County
More than 55% of the Caddo vessels (n=75) from Northeast Texas in the Boyce Smith Museum are from Red River County. These include 46 jars (61%), 14 bowls (19%), 11 carinated bowls (15%), two compound bowls (3%), a beaker (1%), and a canoe-shaped bowl (1%) ( Table 2). Conspicuous by their absence are bottles of any form. Many of the jars have four rim peaks, as well as a specific set of appliqued, punctated, and pinched decorative elements, and we have dubbed these Boyce appliqued-punctated vessels (see below) because they are especially abundant in the Boyce Smith Museum collections, and are not a form of decorated jar that we have encountered previously in Northeast Texas. It is unfortunate that there are no site-specific proveniences that can be associated with any of the Red River County vessels. The occasional occurrence of shelltempered Avery Engraved, grog-tempered Simms Engraved, and Nash Neck Banded vessels in the collections suggests that at least some of these vessels are from McCurtain phase contexts in the Red River basin in the northern part of the county (see Perttula 2008, ed.).
Two of the many jars from Red River County in the Boyce Smith Museum have a distinctive form, with tall and relatively narrow vessel bodies and wide, everted rims and rim peaks (Figure 2a-b); vessel volumes range from 1.25-1.3 liters (see Table 2). The first of these vessels is a Nash Neck Banded jar with six rows of neck banding on the rim, as well as four sets of three appliqued nodes under each rim peak ( Figure 2a). The body has four vertical appliqued fillets (also under the rim peaks), four appliqued triangles and nodes pendant from the rim-body juncture, and three widely spaced rows of linear punctates that extend down the vessel body ( Figure 2a). The second tall jar has four scalloped strap handles ( Figure 2b). The rim has at least eight rows of pinching, and there is a tool punctated row at the rim-body juncture. There are also two widely spaced rows of linear punctates on the vessel body ( Figure 2b). One of the more distinctive vessel forms in the Red River County utility wares in the Boyce Smith Museum are the small (0.23-0.8 liters, see Table 2) jars with four rim peaks. Most of these are Boyce appliqued-punctated jars, but that label does not begin to capture the diversity in the decorative elements of these particular vessels. For example, one of the small rim peaked jars not included under the Boyce appliqued-punctated rubric has three rows of smoothed over neck banding on the rim, four sets of appliqued nodes under the rim peaks, and a circular punctated row at the rim-body juncture (Figure 3a). On the body are four triangular areas filled with pinching, and these are outlined by opposed diagonal rows of circular punctates. Vessel 122 has four rows of large circular punctates on the rim and four vertical sets of two appliqued nodes under each rim peak. There is a row of linear tool punctates at the rim-body juncture, and three rows of large circular punctates on the vessel body. . Decorated jars with rim peaks from Red River County: a, neck bandedappliqued-punctated (Vessel 39); b, Boyce appliqued-punctated (Vessel 31); c, Boyce appliqued-punctated (Vessel 57); d, Boyce appliqued-punctated (Vessel 36); e, Boyce appliqued-punctated (Vessel 54); f, Boyce appliqued-punctated (Vessel 10); g, pinchedpunctated (Vessel 84); h, Boyce appliqued-punctated (Vessel 99); i, Boyce appliquedpunctated (Vessel 100); j, conjoined Boyce appliqued-punctated jars (Vessel 118).
The 20 Boyce appliqued-punctated jars (see Table 2) can be divided into four groups with respect to the decorative elements on the vessels. The largest group (n=11) has pinched-punctated-appliqued decorative elements (see Figure 3b, d-g). The second group of vessels (n=7) have broad grooved lines in addition to the pinched-punctatedappliqued elements 9see Figure 3c, i-j).
There are five vessels (Vessels 9, 10, 31, 33, and 81) in the first group with pinched rows on the rim, four sets of two appliqued nodes under the rim peaks, a row of punctations at the rim-body juncture, and two sets of either vertical appliqued fillets or two sets of a cluster of six appliqued nodes (see Figure 3b, f). Three others (Vessels 47, 54, and 96) have the same rim decoration as the aforementioned five Red River County vessels-pinched rows and four sets of appliqued nodes under the rim peaks (see Figure  3e)-and have a row of punctations at the rim-body juncture, but the body decoration is distinctive. This consists of four triangular-shaped areas on the body filled with pinching that are separated from each other by diagonal arcs of punctations.
One vessel in the first group has pinched rows on the rim, four sets of appliqued nodes under the rim peaks, a row of circular punctations at the rim-body juncture, and a single row of deep and wide punctations on the upper vessel body (see Figure 3d). Another (Vessel 14), with strap handles, has rim pinching and two sets of appliqued nodes on the rim, and diagonal punctated lines on the body; between these diagonal punctated rows are four sets of appliqued nodes. A third vessel has a pinched rim, four sets of appliqued nodes, and two rows of small tool punctates on the vessel body (see Figure 3g).
In the second group of Boyce appliqued-punctated jars, one (Vessel 16) has pinched rows on the rim, as well as either two vertical sets of two appliqued nodes under two rim peaks or four vertical grooves under two rim peaks and through the pinching. On the body of this vessel, there are two sets of vertical grooved lines under the appliqued nodes on the rim, and clusters of appliqued nodes under the grooved lines on the rim. Another vessel (Vessel 119) has four sets of appliqued nodes under each rim peak, a horizontal grooved line at the rim-body juncture, as well as a row of small circular punctates within the grooved line. The other five vessels in this group (Vessels 3, 57, 100, 118, and 120) have between two to four rows of pinching on the rim, one to four sets of appliqued nodes under the rim peaks, and a horizontal grooved line at the rim-body juncture that has a row or two of punctates in the grooved line (see Figure 3c, i-j). two conjoined jars (Vessel 118) also have four vertical grooved lines on the rim (see Figure  3j). Body decorations range from triangular areas filled with punctations (Vessels 57 and 118); punctated arcs (Vessel 100, see Figure 3i) below a single row of large tool punctates; a single row of large circular punctations (Vessel 120); to vertical appliqued fillets and clusters of six appliqued nodes (Vessel 3).
The third group of Boyce appliqued-punctated jars from Red River County has one vessel (Vessel 13). This jar has four rows of pinching on the rim, along with four vertical sets of appliqued nodes under each rim peak. On the vessel body are two opposed sets of vertical fillets or appliqué node clusters (with six nodes in three rows). The last group also has one vessel (Vessel 99). This jar has two rows of pinching on the rim and four vertical sets of two appliqued nodes under each rim peak (see Figure 3h). At the rimbody juncture is a horizontal incised band filled with two rows of circular punctations, and there is another row of deep tool punctations under the incised band. Finally, the lower part of the body has four sets of diagonal opposed tool punctated rows.
Other jars have a variety of decorative elements and combinations of decorative methods on rim and/or body. Jars with pinched decorations are common in the Red River County vessels (see Table 2). One very small jar has four rows of pinching on the rim and a single broad horizontal incised line at the rim-body juncture ( Figure 4a). Two jars (Vessels 113 and 115) have pinched-incised-punctated rim and body decorations, starting with three or four rows of pinching on the rim and rows of punctations at the rim-body juncture (Figure 4c, f). They differ in that Vessel 12 has a single row of large circular punctations on the vessel body, while Vessel 115 has a closely-spaced series of near vertical to curvilinear incised lines and tool punctated rows on the body ( Figure 4f) and Vessel 113 also has two sets of grooved vertical lines on the rim and triangular-shaped tool punctated areas on the body (Figure 4c). There are other vessels with broad grooved or broad trailed lines on the Red River County jars. One has five rows of pinching on the rim, a broad horizontal grooved line at the rim-body juncture, and three rows of small circular punctations below the grooved line (see Figure 4b). Vessel 123 has a similar decoration to Vessel 115, with the exception that the tool punctated row at the rim-body juncture is in a broad horizontal grooved line. Related to these vessels is Vessel 94, with five rows of pinching on the rim, but with two broad horizontal grooved lines at and below the rim-body juncture, with three rows of small tool punctations between the two grooved lines. Two jars (Vessels 37 and 93) have two sets of three or four vertical grooved lines on the rim, amidst four rows of pinching. On Vessel 37, there are two sets of two appliqued nodes on the vessel body, along with three rows of small tool punctations. Vessel 93, on the other hand, has two alternating sets of punctated-appliqued elements or three vertical incised lines on the vessel body. The two punctated-appliqued sets consist of a large punctated triangle with a cluster of six appliqued nodes (in three rows) within the triangles (see Figure 4e). Two small to very small jars have incised-punctated decorations. One has a horizontal incised panel on the rim that has a single row of tool punctations within it (Vessel 74). The other, a Dunkin Incised jar (Vessel 44), has a cross-hatched incised rim, and a row of cane punctations in a horizontal incised panel at the rim-body juncture. There is a single row of large tool punctations on the vessel body.
Three of the small (0.58-0.65 liters) Red River County jars have strap handles. The rim and body surfaces of these vessels, including the handles, are completely covered with either pinched (Figure 5a) or fingernail punctated rows (Vessels 68 and 69). Another small jar (Vessel 79) has a single row of pinching on the rim, and the vessel also has three attached legs. Vessel 61 has five rows of large to small punctations on the rim, and a single row of large tool punctations on the vessel body (see Figure 4d). Four jars have incised, punctated, and appliqued decorations on the rim and the body (see Figure 5b-d). Vessel 73 has three rows of tool punctations on the rim, as well as four sets of two appliqued nodes; the body is covered with panels of opposed diagonal incised lines (see Figure 5b). Two other vessels (Vessels 85 and 117) are much like the aforementioned Vessel 44 (Dunkin Incised) in that they have cross-hatched incised rims and a row of small cane or tool punctations at the rim-body juncture (see Figure 5c). Where they differ is in also having three vertical sets of three appliqued nodes on the upper vessel body. The last of the incised-punctated-appliqued vessels has closely-spaced vertical to curvilinear incised lines on the rim, a row of circular punctations at the rimbody juncture, and four vertical sets of three appliqued nodes on the vessel body (see Figure 5d).
Two jars (Vessels 48 and 124) have two or four loop handles. One of these (possibly an undefined variety of Nash Neck Banded) has partially smoothed neck banded coils on the rim as well as two sets of two appliqued nodes on the rim between each loop handle. The other, apparently shell-tempered and red-slipped (see Table 2), has two sets of three appliqued nodes in vertical rows on the vessel body. Vessel 66 has three smoothed over rows of neck banding or pinching, four appliqued nodes around the rim, and a row of circular punctations at the rim-body juncture, just above a broad shallow grooved or collared area.
One of the bowls from Red River County is a large red-slipped and shelltempered Late Caddo Avery Engraved deep bowl ( Figure 6a). It has a motif repeated four times on the vessel that consists of two concentric semi-circles over an engraved triangle; each repetition of the motif is divided from the other by a vertical bracket with a backward S-shaped arc. There are also four small bowls (0.1-0.4 liters) in the collection (see Table 2), each with simple decorations near the rim. One has a narrow horizontal incised band filled with vertical incised lines (see Figure 6b), and another (with two rim peaks has a single horizontal incised line above a zig zag incised line; the other side of the vessel has what appears to be a modeled face with eye and nose adornos (Vessel 11). The last two simple bowls are punctated: Vessel 83 has seven rows of large circular punctations on the body, and Vessel 75/86 has a single row of tool punctations on the rim, as well as faint horizontal brushing marks.
Three bowls from Red River County have bird effigy heads (see Figure 6c-d). Two of these have anthropomorphic tail riders (see Figure 6c) and the other has a large appliqued tab tail (see Figure 6d). While bird effigy vessels are common occurrences in post-ca. A.D. 1400 contexts in the upper Neches River basin (see Perttula 2009), Suhm and Jelks (1962:47 and Plate 24) note that they are found as funerary offerings as well in Late Caddo Texarkana and Titus phase burials. All three bird effigy vessels are decorated with three broad and widely-spaced horizontal incised lines on the upper part of the bowl. the bird effigies themselves have dots or drilled holes for eyes, and the bird effigies that are associated with the tail riders have distinctive scalloped heads and beaks (see Figure  6c-d).
The Red River County vessels have an assortment of rare and unique vessel forms. Foremost among them is a canoe-shaped bowl with two prows (Figure 7c). This particular vessel, 23.0 cm in length and 5.5 cm in height, has 13 engraved pendant triangles on each side. Other canoe-shaped vessels have been reported from Titus and Frankston phase cemeteries that have been looted, and we are unaware of such a vessel being found on sites in either the Red River or lower Sulphur River basins in Northeast Texas, Figure 7. Rattle bowls and canoe-shaped bowl from Red River County: a, incised rattle bowl (Vessel 90); b, pinched rattle bowl (Vessel 92); c, engraved canoe-shaped bowl (Vessel 80).
There also are two incised and or incised-pinched rattle bowls (Vessels 46 and 90) with four legs and ring bases (see Figure 7a). These rattle bowls, known from Belcher phase contexts in the Red River valley in southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 26a, c) have concentric incised lines or pinched rows on the vessel, and two cross-hatched lines on the ends of each of the four large protruding knobs. The incised rattle bowl also has a single broad incised line that encircles the rim of the rattle bowl. Finally, there are four rattle bowls (see Table 2) with four legs and ring bases that are decorated on the bowl with three or four rows of pinching; the legs and ring bases are plain (see Figure 7b). There is also a single broad incised line on the flat bowl lip. Suhm and Jelks (1962:Plate 26h) illustrate a very similar rattle bowl form from the Belcher phase Foster site (3LA27) on the Red River in southwestern Arkansas.
The carinated bowls from Red River County are decorated with either engraved, engraved-punctated-appliqued, incised, or incised-punctated decorative elements (see Table 2). The one small incised-punctated vessel (Vessel 116, Figure 8a  One carinated bowl, with four rim and lip adornos, has an engraved-punctatedappliqued decorative motif on the rim panel (see Figure 8c). The motif includes four sets of vertical cross-hatched brackets with a single curvilinear line on either side of the brackets, forming ovals; there are also curvilinear engraved lines on either side of the adornos where they extend onto the rim panel. There is a row of tool punctations at the vessel carination, as well as short segments of tool punctations on the upper part of the design, on either side of the brackets and ovals, but not above them on the rim (see Figure  8c).
Six of the carinated bowls, all approximately the same size (0.49-0.64 liters) are Simms Engraved vessels (n=3) (see Figure 8d), or a related variety dubbed Simms Incised (n=3); these latter have characteristic Simms Engraved decorative elements and motifs, except they are executed with incised lines, rather than post-fired engraved lines (see Figure 8e-g). The Simms Engraved vessels have four sets of engraved ovals (with an appliqued node placed at the center of the oval) with an upper row of pendant triangles (Vessel 40); or four repeated sets of designs on the narrow rim panel that are panel dividers comprised of a single short vertical line and three short curvilinear lines to either side (Vessels 52 and 65, see Figure 8d). Vessel 52 also has a row of small tool punctations below the carination.
One of the Simms Incised vessels has four sets of engraved ovals (with an appliqued node placed at the center of the oval) with an upper row of incised pendant triangles (Vessel 97, see Figure 8f). The other two (Vessels 18 and 77) have four repeated sets of incised designs on the narrow rim panel that consist of panel dividers comprised of a single short vertical line and two to four short curvilinear lines to either side (see Figure 8f-g). Vessel 18 also has an upper row of incised pendant triangles.
The last of the carinated bowls (Vessel 76), a small vessel, has a single row of tool punctations on an exterior thickened rim.
One of the compound bowls, with large strap handles, has concentric semi-circles and near vertical ticked lines on the lower rim panel, reminiscent of Avery Engraved designs, but executed with incised lines (see Figure 8h). There is a single horizontal incised line on the upper rim panel.
Another unusual vessel in the Red River County collection is a large grogtempered beaker with incised, punctated, and pinched decorative elements (Vessel 91). There are two horizontal rows of pinching below the vessel lip, followed by a horizontal incised panel that consists of upper and low incised bands and a series of zig zag incised lines between the bands. Between each set of zig zag incised lines is a small punctated circle. The remainder of the beaker body has 11 horizontal rows of pinching.

Bowie County
There are three vessels from Bowie County in the Boyce Smith Museum (Table  3). Two are bowls or carinated bowls and the third is a bottle with a relatively straight neck. All three vessels have grog temper, but one of the carinated bowls-a globular form with two panels of decoration-is also tempered with crushed bone and grit ( Figure  9b).  Table 1), has both horizontal and semicircular ticked and non-ticked engraved lines on the vessel body, with the principal semicircular engraved element repeated four times around the vessel; these are divided by broad cross-hatched brackets. Within the principal semi-circular element is a central cross-hatched bracket and two sets of curvilinear ticked lines on either side of the bracket.
The medium-sized bowl (see Figure 9b) has two broadly-spaced horizontal engraved lines on the rim, and the body also has an engraved design. This consists of an engraved scroll with four embedded circles. The upper and lower scroll elements have repeating four triangular-shaped zones filled with a single nested oval.
The carinated bowl from Bowie County is a very large (4.9 liters) vessel with a distinctive Middle Caddo style sprocket lip (see Miller 1986) (see Figure 9c-d). The upper part of the rim panel has two widely-spaced horizontal engraved lines encircling the vessel, while the lower part of the rim panel has eight upper and lower engraved semi-circles on either side of a continuous punctated or dashed scroll line.

Harrison County
The Boyce Smith Museum has 19 vessels identified in the inventory notes as coming from Harrison County (Table 4). Two of them (Vessel 156 and Vessel 171) are from the Patton site (41HS825), otherwise known as the Pea Patch site. This is a large Titus phase cemetery on the west side of Arms Creek, near Lake O' the Pines, with at least 88 burials believed to have been excavated there since the early 1960s (Perttula 2006:41-48).
The vessels from Harrison County include five engraved carinated bowls, one engraved compound bowl, five engraved bottles, an engraved deep bowl, and an engraved olla, all of types consistent with coming from Late Caddo Titus phase burials. There are also one plain bottle and five decorated jars (see Table 4). Represented fine ware types are Ripley Engraved, Wilder Engraved, Simms Engraved, and Taylor Engraved, and utility ware types from the Upshur County collection include Karnack Brushed-Incised, Harleton Appliqued, Pease Brushed-Incised, Maydelle Incised, and Cowhide Stamped; Cowhide Stamped is a northwestern Louisiana/southwestern Arkansas Belcher phase utility ware (Webb 1959). Two of the vessels appear to be shelltempered, including the Cowhide Stamped trade vessel, two have bone temper, one has crushed pieces of hematite and grog, and all the others have grog temper (see Table 4).  The other engraved carinated bowl is a grog-tempered Simms Engraved vessel with four panels on the rim (see Figure 10c). Each panel has a single centrally-placed horizontal engraved line, with vertical bracket dividers.  The large Wilder Engraved olla (see Figure 11d) has a vertical scroll motif with a small embedded circle. The motif is repeated four times around the vessel body. The large plain bottle (0.8 liters, see Table 4) has a straight neck and a globular body.
There is a wide assortment of decorated jars in the Harrison County vessels, with one example of five different defined Caddo types. The first is a large Harleton Appliqued jar with a vertically brushed rim, three rows of tool punctations on the rim, and a brushed-appliqued body (Figure 12a). The appliqued motif on the body consists of a scroll and circle repeated four times around the vessel; each circle has a central appliqued node. Areas on the body between the appliqued strips have horizontal and overlapping brushing marks. The second utility ware jar is a large Pease Brushed-Incised vessel (Vessel 159) with a horizontally brushed rim, tool punctated rows pushed through the brushing on the rim, and six panels on the body defined by vertical punctated rows. Each panel has vertical brushed-incised lines and diagonal rows of tool punctates. The large Karnack Brushed-Incised jar (see Figure 12b) has a short rim with three closely-spaced rows of tool punctations. The body is covered with horizontal to overlapping brushing marks. The very large (10.3 liters) Maydelle Incised jar has 12 sets of opposed incised lines on the rim (see Figure 12c). The shell-tempered Cowhide Stamped vessel is also large, with a short rim covered with a row of vertical stamped marks (see Figure 12d). The vessel body has scrolls with hooked arms that are outlined by incised lines, and the scroll bands are filled with transverse stamping marks. Virtually identical vessels have been recovered from Late Caddo Belcher phase contexts at the Belcher site in northwestern Louisiana (Webb 1959: Figure 109b, k).

Marion County
The eight grog-tempered vessels from Marion County, probably from a site or sites in the vicinity of Lake O' the Pines, include three carinated bowls, two bottles, two ollas, and a large jar with strap handles ( Table 5). All of the vessels are from late Titus phase contexts (ca. A.D. 1600), based on the identification of a Ripley Engraved vessel with a pendant triangle motif (cf. Thurmond 1990; Perttula 1992), and a Clements Brushed olla; although not common, these are found on 17 th century Caddo sites in the Big Cypress Creek drainage in Northeast Texas (Perttula 2005, ed.;Gonzalez et al. 2005).
The large to very carinated bowls from Marion County include two Ripley Engraved vessels and a third vessel-with an inverted rim-that has diagonal engraved zones (Figure 13a-c). One Ripley Engraved vessel has a pendant triangle motif (see Thurmond 1990: Figure 6a) repeated four times, with two oval (or peyote button-shaped) and two diamond-shaped central elements (Figure 13a), while the second has a continuous scroll (Figure 13b) motif repeated seven times around the vessel; the central scroll line has small triangular tick marks. The inverted rim carinated bowl (see Figure 13c) resembles inverted rim engraved vessels from the Gum Creek Cluster of Titus phase sites in the Little Cypress Creek basin (Upshur County). These particular sites appear to have been occupied between ca. A.D. 1670-1720 (Perttula and Nelson 2007).
The other fine ware vessels from Marion County are two small to medium-sized bottles and a small Belcher Engraved olla (Figure 14a). The first bottle (Vessel 136) is a Bailey Engraved vessel with a late style spool neck; red pigment was rubbed in the engraved design. The second bottle (cf. Taylor Engraved) is a miniature form with a straight neck and a globular body. It has four engraved panels on the vessel body, each panel unique in execution and design, but the panels feature a hooked arm scroll and surrounding rectilinear interlocking engraved lines. A red clay pigment was also rubbed in the engraved lines. The small engraved olla (see Figure 14a), of the Belcher Engraved type, has circular engraved and dashed lines that are repeated four times around the vessel body. These elements are divided by triangular-shaped fill elements both above and below the central elements; the triangular-filled areas each have a single short dashed line within them.
The other olla is a large Clements Brushed vessel (see Figure 14b). This has a short plain neck and a vertical brushed body. Ollas are rare in Titus phase contexts (see Perttula 2005, ed,:Table 11-10), comprising less than 1% of a sample of more than 2030 documented Titus phase vessels in the Big Cypress Creek basin. They are found on sites in the eastern part of the Titus phase heartland in the Big Cypress Creek basin, particularly at sites like H. S. Taylor (41HS3), McKinney (41MR12), P. S. Cash (41CP2), Russell Bros. (41TT7), and J. M. Riley (41UR2) (see Thurmond 1990). Clements Brushed vessels are even rarer, with only two documented vessels from the Russell Bros. site in the large Big Cypress Creek Titus phase vessel database (see Perttula 2005, ed.: Table 11-10).
The one strap handled jar from Marion County is a large Harleton Appliqued vessel ( Figure 15). This vessel is vertically brushed on the rim, and there are three rows of punctations on the rim: one under the lip, one midway down the rim, and the third at the rim-body juncture. The body of the jar has an appliqued diamond motif repeated four times around the vessel.

Camp County
The seven vessels from Camp County in the Boyce Smith Museum include three large to very large carinated bowls, a very large compound bowl, and three large jars (Table 6). All are grog-tempered. The ceramic types represented in the collection of Camp County vessels indicate that they are from Late Caddo Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) burials in the Big Cypress Creek basin of Northeast Texas (see Figure 1).
All three carinated bowls are the Ripley Engraved type (Figure 16a-b, d); one is red-slipped (Figure 16d), and two have either a red or white clay pigment rubbed in the engraved lines (see Table 6). Engraved motifs, always repeated four times, include the interlocking horizontal scroll (Figure 16b), the scroll (Figure 16a), and the circle and cross (Figure 16d). The very large Taylor Engraved compound bowl ( Figure 16c) has a single horizontal engraved line on the upper rim panel and a hooked arm scroll motif repeated seven times on the lower rim panel. A white clay pigment has been uniformly rubbed in the engraved lines, but one area also has a red clay pigment. Two of the Camp County utility ware jars are Harleton Appliqued vessels (see Table 6). One jar with loop handles has a vertical brushed rim and an appliqued continuous scroll motif that is repeated four times around the vessel body (Figure 17a). The other Harleton Appliqued jar has four sets of appliqued lugs and nodes on the rim, which is otherwise plain. The body has four sets of appliqued chevrons divided by appliqued ovals and diamond elements. The third jar is a Maydelle Incised vessel ( Figure  17b). This vessel has diagonal and cross-hatched incised lines on the rim, a single row of tool punctations at the rim-body juncture, and closely-spaced vertical incised lines on the body that extend to near the vessel base.

Upshur County
There are 10 Caddo vessels from Upshur County in the Boyce Smith collections (Table 7). These include three engraved carinated bowls and compound bowls, a rattle bowl, and six jars, two with strap handles. The vessels are from Late Caddo Titus phase contexts, based on the identified types, among them Ripley Engraved, Taylor Engraved, Harleton Appliqued, Cass Appliqued, Pease Brushed-Incised, and Moore Noded.
The one carinated bowl is a very large Ripley Engraved carinated bowl with the pendant triangle motif (Figure 18a). Both compound bowls are very large (6.7 liters in volume) Taylor Engraved vessels. One has a plain upper panel, and the other has two widely-spaced horizontal engraved lines on the upper panel ( Figure 18b). The lower panels on both compound vessels have horizontal hooked arm scrolls repeated four times around the panel, with vertical engraved brackets. Another Upshur County vessel is a small Moore Noded bowl ( Figure 19). It has four opposed large noded areas (i.e., the hollow rattle) with nine smaller nodes between each large nodes. Each of the large nodes has 12 smaller appliqued nodes on it. The six jars range from large to very large in size (1.2-3.4 liters in volume) (see Table 7). Two of them are Harleton Appliqued vessels with either four strap or loop handles (Figure 20a). The first vessel has vertical brushing on the rim, with rows of tool punctates under the lip and at the rim-body juncture; the strap handles are tool punctated. The body has two sets of appliqued ovals and two sets of interlocking appliqued strips. The other Harleton Appliqued jar (with rim peaks) has cross-hatched incised lines on the rim and linear tick marks under the lip; the loop handles have short vertical appliqued ridges (Figure 20a). On the vessel body, there is a horizontal appliqued fillet at the rimbody juncture as well as just above the base, and between these four sets of appliqued circles and vertical scrolls. The Pease Brushed-Incised jar (see Figure 20b) is horizontally brushed on the rim, and there is a single row of tool punctates at the rim-body juncture. The body is divided into four diagonal panels by diagonal appliqued fillets. Each panel is filled with diagonal brushing marks and a single diagonal row of tool punctates.
The three Cass Appliqued jars (see Figure 20c-d) are characterized by vertical appliqued ridges or fillets (32-58 separate appliqued strips) that extend from the rim-body juncture to the vessel base. Rim decoration on each Cass Appliqued jar is different: one has a plain rim (Vessel 132); a second has three widely-spaced rows of tool punctations (see Figure 20d); and the third has four rows of closely-spaced punctations (see Figure  20c).

Cherokee County
Three of the four Caddo vessels from Cherokee County (Table 8) are bonetempered, and the fourth has been tempered with grog. One of the vessels (Vessel 4) is listed in the inventory notes as having been found in the city of Maydelle, in the west central part of the county.
The grog-tempered vessel is a large Taylor Engraved olla or short-necked bottle with four sets of interlocking vertical scrolls (Figure 21c). Taylor Engraved, typically seen on post-16 th century Caddo sites in the Big Cypress, upper Sabine, and Red River basins, has been found as a trade vessel on a few Late Caddo Frankston phase sites in the upper Neches River basin (Perttula 2008: Table 1). One of the bone-tempered vessels is a small jar (Vessel 183) with eight sets of short vertical pinched rows, four originating from the rim, and the other four originating near the base. The second bone-tempered vessel is a large globular carinated bowl with a plain upper panel and a lower rim panel with 17 sets of opposed engraved lines (see Figure 21a). The last bone-tempered vessel, found in Maydelle, is a large bowl with an interior thickened rim and a scalloped lip (see Figure 21b). This vessel has 70 nested hatched engraved triangles on the interior thickened portion of the rim. Brown (1996:404 and Figures 2-38e and 2-40) identifies such vessels as a late (ca. A.D. 1350-1450) style of Sanders Engraved, with interior rim decoration and scalloped lip. Related to these vessels are Middle Caddo period Spoonbill Engraved bowls from the upper Sabine River basin with upper and lower hatched triangles on the interior thickened rim (Perttula et al. 2007: Figures 11a-12).

Smith County
The 10 Smith County vessels in the Boyce Smith Museum (Table 9) are apparently from ca. A.D. 1480-1650 Frankston phase burials (see Perttula 2009: Table 6-37) in the upper Neches or upper Angelina river basins. This chronological estimate is based primarily on the dominance of Poynor Engraved, var. Hood vessels, regional var. E of Poynor Engraved, and the occurrence of Hood Engraved effigy vessels.
Five of the Smith County vessels are engraved carinated bowls, including four small to very large globular vessels with Poynor Engraved, var. Hood rim decorations repeated between four and nine times on the rim panel (Figure 22a; see also Table 9). The fifth carinated bowl (Poynor Engraved, var. E, with an inverted rim, has a scroll and circle motif repeated four times around the vessel (Figure 22b One Hume Engraved bottle, with a collared and straight neck (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 42a), is in the Smith County collection (see Figure 22c). It has four broad vertical cross-hatched panels on the vessel body. Hume Engraved bottles became an important part of upper Neches River fine ware vessel assemblages after ca. A.D. 1480 (see Perttula 2009: Table 6-37).
There is also a small engraved jar or beaker from Smith County (see Figure 22d and Table 9); it has two opposed sets of four suspension holes on the rim. This unique vessel form has nine rows of vertical cross-hatched pendant triangles on the rim, as well as two sets of concentric semi-circles on the Bessel body (see Figure 22d).
Two of the Smith County vessels are Hood Engraved effigy bowls; one (Hood Engraved, var. Hood) has a bird effigy head appendage and a tab tail (Figure 23a  The last vessel in the Smith County collection is a rattle bowl with four legs that rest on a ring base (see Figure 23c); the body has four hollow knobs that protrude from the sides of the bowl. This vessel has broad concentric incised or grooved (cf. Suhm and Jelks 1962:51) semi-circles covering the upper vessel body, along with a broad incised line on the flat lip, and cross-hatched broad incised lines on the flat face of the hollow knobs. Suhm and Jelks (1962:Plate 26a, c) illustrate two virtually identical rattle bowls from Late Caddo Belcher phase contexts at sites along the Red River in southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana, and the Boyce Smith Museum has a similar rattle bowl from Red River County (see Figure 7a). If the provenience information on this Smith County vessel is accurate, we may conclude that this rattle bowl is clear evidence for the movement/trade of a specialized kind of vessel from Red River Caddos to an upper Neches River Caddo group.

Clark County
There are 14 Caddo vessels in the Boyce Smith Museum from Clark County, Arkansas, in southwestern Arkansas (see Figure 1). This includes eight bottles, three carinated bowls, two jars, and a beaker or compound bowl (Table 10). Three of the vessels are more specifically identified in the inventory as coming from a site on Hollwood Creek (Vessels 146, 172, and 173). Based on the occurrence of both grog-and shell-tempered pottery vessels in the collection (with shell-tempered pottery becoming increasingly used for vessel manufacture after ca. A.D. 1400-1450, but during the mid-Ouachita phase), and the range of decorations on the vessels, the Clark County vessels are from Mid-Ouachita phase (ca. A. D. 1300-1500) and Social Hill phase (ca. A.D. 1500-1650) burials.
All three of the carinated bowls are relatively small mid-Ouachita phase Friendship Engraved vessels (Figure 24a, c, d) with cross-hatched engraved zones and rectangular panels, as well as negative scrolls. One of the vessels also has a distinctive sprocket lip (Figure 24b) (Miller 1986), a form of lip treatment most frequently seen in Caddo fine ware vessels in the mid-Ouachita basin. The sprocket-lipped vessel has a central oval and small circle element, with spurs or rays, that is repeated four times around the vessel rim (Figure 24a). The one beaker or compound bowl (see Figure 24e) is 16.4 cm tall, an has two opposed suspension holes under the vessel lip. The tall rim has three sets of intersecting diagonal engraved ladders, either filled with diagonal lines or small engraved rectangles, with a rayed circle between two sets of the engraved ladders. The vessel body has four sets of circles, and the innermost circle has four hatched pendant triangles (see Figure  24e). Each of the sets of circles is separated from the other by vertical hatched brackets.
The engraved bottles from Clark County fall into two or three groups by form. Three (Vessels 6, 110, and 173) medium-sized bottles have straight necks and globular carinated bodies (Figure 25b-c); four others, also medium-sized, have straight necks and globular bodies (Figure 25a  With respect to the engraved decorations on the bottles, the spool-necked form is a shell-tempered Hudson Engraved vessel with red pigment rubbed in the engraved lines (see Figure 25f). The bottles with the carinated bodies include a Means Engraved vessel with four sets of concentric semi-circular ticked lines (see Figure 25b); a grog-and shelltempered Belcher Engraved, var. Manchester vessel (see Early 1993:86-87 and Figure  53c) with horizontal ticked and non-ticked lines on the upper vessel body and four lower sets of concentric circles (only one of which has ticks) (see Figure 25c); and an Adair Engraved, var. Adair vessel (see Brown 1996:377) with vertical appliqued ridges and narrow vertical cross-hatched bands (Vessel 110).
Among the four other bottles from Clark County is a small plain shell-tempered vessel (Vessel 87), and three engraved vessels. One of the engraved bottles is a Friendship Engraved vessel (see Figure 25a), with an upper set of short vertical and horizontal engraved lines repeated three times around the vessel, set above three semicircular bands divided into plain and cross-hatched segments, cross-hatched engraved brackets, and five short vertical engraved lines within a space below each of the semicircular bands. The second (see Figure 25d) has three large oval-shaped body panels defined by two or three engraved lines, and divided by a vertical panel of circles and a single vertical scroll line. Within each of the large oval-shaped body panels is a single centrally-placed hooked arm scroll. The last of the Clark County engraved bottles, possibly a variety of Means Engraved because of the sets of ticked horizontal lines under the bottle neck (see Figure 25e), has a ticked scroll and circle motif with cross-hatched scroll filler elements.
The two jars are both medium-sized (1.2-1.3 liters in volume) grog-tempered Military Road Incised vessels ( Figure 26). Both have horizontal incised scrolls (with from 3-5 lines per scroll) on the rim and vessel body, with short vertical, horizontal, or diagonal incised line filler elements on either side of the rim and body scrolls.

Pike County
Pike County is in the Little Missouri River basin in southwestern Arkansas (see Figure 1). The one vessel from this county (Table 11) is listed in the Boyce Smith Museum inventory notes as coming from the Stokes Place (S1-A19-1), but no locational information is provided in the notes.
The vessel is a grog-tempered jar, probably Dunkin Incised, and may have come from a pre-A.D. 1300 Caddo burial possibly affiliated with the East phase (cf. Early 2002a). The jar has 11 closely-spaced horizontal incised lines on the rim and 12 vertical incised panels filled with diagonal incised lines pitched in opposite directions ( Figure  27).

Unknown County
One vessel (not illustrated) is from an unknown county in Arkansas (see Table  11), but it is clearly of Caddo manufacture. It is an Adair Engraved, var. Neal bottle (see Brown 1996:377) with vertical appliqued fillets and vertical cross-hatched panels on the body. According to Brown (1996:377), this type and variety of bottle is found on Caddo sites in Garland, Clark, and Montgomery counties in Mid-Ouachita phase components (cf. Early 1993) in southwestern Arkansas in 14 th and 15 th century A.D. contexts.

Southern Arkansas
The vessel described in the Boyce Smith Museum notes as having a southern Arkansas provenience is a shell-tempered seed jar with an engraved-punctated decoration ( Figure 28; see also Table 11). Shell-tempered seed jars with engraved decorations are common in ca. A. D. 1500-1650 Social Hill phase sites in the mid-Ouachita region of southwestern Arkansas (Early 1993(Early :116-117, 2002b; see also Mainfort 2008). The seed jar has four repeating central engraved curvilinear and circular elements that are filled with punctations. Above and below this central element are a series of curvilinear hooked arm scrolls that are also repeated four times on the vessel body (see Figure 28).

Faulkner County
One vessel (not illustrated) in the Boyce Smith Museum is from Faulkner County in the Arkansas River basin in central Arkansas (see Figure 1). Its engraved design suggests it is of Caddo manufacture, probably from a Caddo potter living in the mid-Ouachita region in southwestern Arkansas. This is a bottle with a straight neck and vertical engraved scrolls (see Table 11). The scrolls, comprised of four sets of closelyspaced engraved lines that end in hooked arms, are repeated eight times around the vessel body. There are horizontal engraved lines used as fillers on the body between the vertical scrolls.

Lee County
Lee County, Arkansas, is in the Mississippi River basin, in eastern Arkansas (see Figure 1). The plain shell-tempered bottle from the county has a broad globular body and a straight to flaring neck (Figure 29a; see also Table 11). In form, it closely resembles plain bottles found in late Mississippian to early historic sites in the region (cf. Ford 1961:Figures 16a, 18n-r, and 20o-p;House 1991: Figure 3e).

Grant County
The Grant County vessel is an engraved bottle with red pigment rubbed in the engraved lines (see Figure 29b; see also Table 11). Inventory notes indicate that the vessel is from the Pump site, in Redfield (which actually is in Jefferson County, in the Arkansas River basin). This vessel, probably a variety of Friendship Engraved, is of Caddo manufacture with horizontal engraved lines on the bottle neck, eight horizontal engraved lines on the upper vessel body, and a lower series of seven cross-hatched engraved ovals.

Spiro Site, LeFlore County
There is a single medium-sized engraved bottle in the collections that is identified as being from the famous Spiro site in LeFlore County, Oklahoma (see Figure 1). The bottle, with a straight neck and a rounded body (Figure 30), has three horizontal engraved lines below the bottle neck as well as two sets of pendant engraved circles and vertical hooked arm elements (Table 12). Although Brown (1996) does not discuss any vessels from the Spiro site that have these particular engraved elements, the bottle form is consistent with both plain and engraved vessels in the Spiro II through Spiro IV grave periods (ca. A.D. 1100-1450) (Brown 1996 :Figures 1-48 and 1-51).

PIPES
There are several different forms of clay pipes in the Boyce Smith Museum ( Figure 31). Unfortunately, there is no provenience information available on any of them, but based on morphological and decorative elements, it is quite likely that the majority of them came from Caddo sites in the Big Cypress and upper Neches River stream basins. The earliest of the clay pipes is a long-stemmed Red River pipe, variety Haley (see Figure 31a), found on Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) Caddo sites in Northeast Texas as well as along the Red River in northwestern Louisiana (Webb) and in the Ouachita River basin in southwestern Arkansas (Hoffman 1967:10). It has a relatively long but thick stem, with a large bowl, and a pointed distal projection.
A second pipe is an plain L-shaped elbow pipe (see Figure 31b, left). This form appears to be the earliest kind of elbow pipe found in the upper Neches, Angelina, and middle Sabine River basins, dating from the ca. 14 th to early 15 th centuries A.D. (Rogers and Perttula 2004;Perttula 2009). The third pipe is a broad stemmed and plain elbow pipe with a gently rounded elbow (see Figure 31b, right).
Three elbow pipes may have been found on upper Neches River basin Late Caddo sites (cf. Perttula 2009:6-136 to 6-145). The first of these pipes, with a distal stem knob, has sets of horizontal engraved lines around the straight stem and the bowl, as well as short engraved lines on the lower bowl; the engraved lines on the bowl rim and lower bowl comprise a narrow zone filled with a single row of small punctations (see Figure  31-c). This is a ca. A.D. 1400-1560 Var. B elbow pipe form (Perttula 2009: Figure 6-23). The second upper Neches style elbow pipe has a flaring bowl and a gently rounded elbow (see Figure 31d, left). It may be a Var. D elbow pipe (dating later than ca. A.D. 1560), although it is undecorated. The third elbow pipe has a wide flaring bowl, a distal stem knob, and a short stem (Var. C, ca. A.D. 1400-1650), with horizontal and vertical engraved lines on the bowl, and a series of small punctations on the distal stem knob (see Figure 31d, right).
The last elbow pipe, plain, has a short stem, a wide stem hole, and a short but wide bowl (see Figure 31e). On this pipe, the distal stem of the pipe has been turned up vertically and joined to the back side of the bowl. Such elbow pipes have been found on 16 th and 17 th century Caddo sites on the Red River (Hoffman 1967:10 and Figure 6b), the Little Missouri River area in southwestern Arkansas (Harrington 1920:Plate CIVa) as well as on Titus phase sites in the Big Cypress Creek drainage (Turner 1978: Figure 22d) and the late 17 th century Clements site in Cass County, Texas (Gonzalez et al. 2005: Figure 4-13).

REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL COMPARISONS
Several different prehistoric Caddo ceramic traditions are represented in the vessels from the Boyce Smith Museum, as well as at least one vessel from Lee County belonging to an eastern Arkansas Late Mississippian period shell-tempered ceramic tradition. The different Caddo ceramic traditions can first be seen in the range of identified utility ware and fine ware ceramic types represented in the vessels from the different set of counties in Texas and Arkansas represented in the collections (Table 13). Although we would be in a better position to venture speculations about the temporal and cultural affiliations of the vessels by county if the site specific provenience of the vessels were known, but that is not the case. Nevertheless, groupings of Caddo vessels by specific counties (which overlap with specific river and creek drainages) nicely depict the stylistic and likely temporal differences and similarities between them in the kinds of decorated utility ware and fine ware vessels found in specific localities within the broader Caddo area (see Figure 1).  The Red-Bowie County vessels form a relatively consistent group of utility wares and fine wares that suggest most of the vessels from these counties are from the Red River valley, in the area between the mouth of the Kiamichi River downstream to the vicinity of Texarkana. The Davis Incised, Dunkin Incised, and Pennington Punctated-Incised utility ware vessels (see Table 13) in the collection indicate that some of the vessels are from pre-A.D. 1300 Caddo sites and burial features. The other utility ware vessels and the engraved fine wares are from early to late (ca. A.D. 1300-1700) Texarkana phase sites and burial features.
The Camp, Harrison, Marion, and Upshur County vessels are clearly from Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1430-1680), Titus phase, sites in the Big Cypress Creek basin (see Perttula 2004Perttula :396-407, 2005. The range of ceramic types, as well as the different motifs on the principal fine ware (Ripley Engraved) suggest these vessels are from 16 th and 17 th century sites in the eastern ceramic tradition of the Titus phase. That tradition includes sites from the Prairie and Greasy Creek areas in Camp and Upshur counties and on Big Cypress Creek downstream to the Lake O' the Pines area in Marion and Harrison counties (Perttula 2005, ed.:404). Important eastern ceramic tradition pottery types include Ripley Engraved, Taylor Engraved, Simms Engraved, Bailey Engraved, proportionally more Harleton Appliqued (than in western ceramic tradition Titus phase sites), and Karnack Brushed-Incised (see Perttula 2005, ed .:404 and Table  11-10; see also Table 13). These eastern Titus phase Caddo sites also contain more trade ware vessels from Belcher phase Caddo groups that lived to the east along the Red River, such as Belcher Engraved, Cowhide Stamped, and Moore Noded (see Table 13).
In the Cherokee and Smith counties area of Northeast Texas, the identified fine ware vessels are-with one exception-from Late Caddo Frankston phase (ca. A.D. 1400-1650) sites in the upper and middle reaches of the Neches and Angelina river basins. That one exception is an apparent interior rim decorated Sanders Engraved vessel of Middle Caddo period age (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) from a site found in the area of Maydelle, Texas (see Table 13). Otherwise, the fine wares from these two counties are completely consistent with the vessels coming from sites and burial features of likely post-A.D. 1480 contexts (Perttula 2009: Table 6-37), based on the frequency of Poynor Engraved, var. Hood vessels, the Hume Engraved bottle, and a Taylor Engraved vessel (see Table 13).
Finally, the vessels in the Boyce Smith Museum from Clark and Pike counties in Southwest Arkansas (see Table 13) are from aboriginal Caddo sites and burial features in the Ouachita River basin. These sites and burial features represent two periods of settlement by Caddo peoples, one that took place between ca. A.D. 1250-1500 (Adair Engraved, Friendship Engraved, Means Engraved, Dunkin Incised, andMilitary Road Incised) and the other between ca. A.D. 1500-1650 (Belcher Engraved and Hudson Engraved) (Early 1993(Early , 2002a(Early , 2002b. That these groupings of vessels from the Boyce Smith Museum by county represent to some significant respect samples of vessels from different aboriginal Caddo ceramic traditions in Northeast Texas and Southwest Arkansas is also apparent on technological grounds. Although the ceramics from each of these areas are predominantly grog-tempered (between 76.9-90.7% of the vessels from the different areas have grog temper, either as the sole aplastic, or in combination with bone, hematite, grit, or shell), the vessels from each group of counties are different in regard to certain temper combinations and preferences, as well as with respect to temper-paste combinations (Table 14).  13 ______________________________________________________________________________________ * percentage **summary values total to more than !00% because of the use of multiple tempers in single vessels, or multiple tempers with a sandy paste clay, in many of the vessels Most Caddo potters in these areas preferred to use a fine grained clay, or a silty clay, for vessel manufacture. However, a significant percentage of the vessels from Red and Bowie counties have a sandy paste (see Table 14). Some potters in this area were deliberately selecting a naturally occurring sandy clay for vessel manufacture, either because it was locally abundant, or that sandy clay had certain favorable properties when it came to the successful manufacture of durable and functionally serviceable vessels. Vessels in the Red and Bowie counties area also contained significant quantities of burned bone temper, as well as grit (or crushed rocks), while none of the vessels from the other areas did (see Table 14). Hematite was a common temper additive only in the Cherokee-Smith counties area, while mussel shell temper (seen usually in post 15 th century contexts in these particular areas) is only abundant in the Clark County, Arkansas vessels (see Table 14) in post-A.D. 1500 Social Hill phase contexts. The few instances of shell-tempered vessels in the Red-Bowie and Camp-Harrison-Marion-Upshur county groupings (see Table 14) represent trade vessels into Texarkana and Titus phase Caddo communities that did not make shell-tempered pottery.
Information collected on the conditions in which these Caddo vessels were fired is also relevant to considerations of confirming that different Caddo ceramic traditions are represented in this set of Boyce Smith Museum vessels. In the case of the Red-Bowie, Titus phase, and Clark County, Arkansas, vessel groupings, the vast majority of the vessels in the collections have been fired in a low oxygen or reducing environment, probably having been smothered in a bed of hot coals and ashes (Table 15). Between 68-100% of the vessels from these areas have been fired in a reducing environment, compared to only 46.2% in the Frankston phase vessels from Cherokee and Smith counties (Table 15). Instead, the Frankston phase vessels have been fired more frequently in a high oxygen or oxidizing environment (53.8%), a firing where the vessel is continually exposed to the air during the entire firing process; vessels fired this way tend to be yellow, red, and reddish-brown in color, despite the clays that were selected for vessel manufacture. Vessels fired in a reducing environment tend to have dark brown, gray, to black vessel surfaces. Even in the areas where the Caddo potters preferred to fire their vessels in a reducing environment, there are further differences that warrant mention. In the Red-Bowie and Titus phase areas in Northeast Texas, about 50% of the reduced firing vessels were subsequently pulled from the fire and allowed to cool in the open air (see Table 15); this led to vessels with thin oxidized (or lighter-colored) surfaces on either one or both vessel surfaces, but left much of the vessel core dark brown, dark gray, or black in color. Only 20-33% of the vessels from Clark-Pike counties, Arkansas, or Cherokee-Smith counties, Texas were cooled in this manner (see Table 15).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Boyce Smith Museum in Troup, Texas, has 157 aboriginal ceramic vessels from sites (and burials) in a number of counties in Northeast Texas, southern Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma (see Figure 1). We make the assumption that whole vessels (especially whole vessels that have not been reconstructed) on Caddo sites must have come from burial features, whereby whole vessels were left as funerary offerings with the deceased Caddo individual.
Provenience of the vessels from other than a county level is sadly lacking, however, which limits the research utility of the collection to a certain extent. Nevertheless, because of the generally well understood nature of Caddo vessel forms, decoration, and technology, it has been possible to discern groupings of these vessels in the collections by counties that represent a number of temporally and culturally distinctive Caddo ceramic traditions.